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Musculoskeletal (VEM 5111G) > Ignacio's Lectures > Flashcards

Ignacio's Lectures Flashcards

1
Q

Osteocytes

A
  • Osteoblasts buried in bone matrix
  • Form osteocyte network - syncytium
  • Sense & translate mechanical strains into biochemical signals (initiate bone loss or gain)
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1
Q

Bone Minerals

A

Ca++ & Phosphorus arranged in hydroxyapatite crystals deposited in gap regions of collagen fibers

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2
Q

Osteogenic (Cambium) Layer

A
  • Inner layer of cortical bone
  • Composed of osteoprogenitor cells (stem cells capable of producing osteoblasts)
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2
Q

Endochondral Ossification

1a. Reserve/Resting Zone

A

Source of chondrocytes for the proliferating zone

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3
Q

Canaliculi

A
  • Minute canals radiating from lacuna
  • Communicate w/ nearby lacunae
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3
Q

Interstitial Lamellae

A

Angular lamellae btween haversian systems

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3
Q

Indications for Tooth Extraction

A
  • Mobile teeth
  • Crowding of teeth
  • Retained teeth
  • Teeth in line of fracture
  • Teeth destroyed by disease
  • Endodontically diseased teeth (dental pulp, aka root canals)
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4
Q

Intercellular/Ground Substance

A
  • Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) → Aggrecan
    • Hyaluronic acid
    • Chondroitin sulfate
    • Keratin sulfate
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5
Q

Periosteum

A
  • Connective tissue that lines external surface of cortical bone (except at articular cartilage sites)
  • Highly vascularized
  • Outer fibrous layer
  • Inner osteogenic (cambium) layer
  • Contains osteoblasts during growth & development
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5
Q

Nutritional Osteodystrophy

A

Low Ca++, High P diet → hypocalcemia → Incr. PTH → Incr. osteoclast resorption, Decr. osteoblast formation, fibrous tissue replaces bone

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6
Q

Blood Flow to Cortical Bone

A
  • Centripetal Flow (going in)
    • outer 1/3 of heavy periosteal attachements supplied by periosteal a.
  • Centrifugal Flow (going out)
    • inner 2/3 supplied by nutrient a.
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7
Q

Interstitial Cartilage Growth

A

Division of chrondrocytes within lacunae & synthesis of new cartilage matrix

(cartilage expands from within)

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8
Q

Fibrocartilage

A
  • Irregular, dense, fibrous tissue
  • Dispersed, encapsulated chondrocytes
  • Large bundles of Type I collagen fibers
  • Resist compression & shear forces
  • High tensile strength
  • No perichondrium
  • Annulus fibrosis of IVD, menisci, insertions of tendons & ligaments
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9
Q

Retained Tooth

A

Permanent tooth bud does not grow immeadiately beneath deciduous (baby) tooth & does not casuse roots of deciduous tooth to be resorbed

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10
Q

Mature (Lamellar) Bone

A
  • Matrix organized into arrays of lamellae
  • Extracellular matrix >>> cells
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11
Q

Endochondral Ossification

1b. Proliferative Zone

A

Chondrocytes:

  • multiply
  • accumulate glycogen
  • produce matrix
  • arrange in longitudinal columns (stack like coins)
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11
Q

Maloclusion

A

Failure of upper & lower teeth to interdigitate properly

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12
Q

Endochondral Ossification

  1. Primary Ossification Center Formation
A
  • Blood vessels of metaphysis invade calcified catrilage
  • Formation of primary ossification center
    • Osteoblasts produce bone trabeculae in diaphysis
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14
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A
  • Matrix rich in type II collagen fibers
  • Fetal skeleton, growth plate, articular cartilage, larynx, trachea
  • Appositional or Interstitial growth
  • Avascular
    • Allographs successful (immune cells can’t get to it)
    • Limited regenerative properties
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15
Q

Periodontitis/Periodontal Disease

A
  • Bacterial film on tooth produce acids & enzymes → damage enamel, subadjacent gingival tissue, periodontal ligament
  • Plaque mineralizes → atrophy & inflammation of gingival eptithelium
  • Alveolar bone loss
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16
Q

Osteoporosis

A
  • Low bone mass (resorption > formation)
  • Predisposes to fractures
  • Not big issue in vet med
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17
Q

Factors Imparing Bone Fracture Healing

A
  • Advanced age
  • Poor nutritional status
  • Inadequate food supply
  • Soft tissue between fractured ends of bone
  • Inadequate immobilization
  • Infection @ fracture site
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18
Q

Zones of Endochondral Ossification

A
  • Reserve/Resting zone
  • Proliferative Zone
  • Hypertrophic Zone
    • Maturation
    • Degeneration
    • Calcification
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19
Q

Bone Remodeling

A

Resorption (osteoclasts) → Reversal (prep bone surface) → Formation (osteoblasts) → Resting

  • All steps occur on same surface
  • Does NOT result in change in shape or position of bone
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20
Q

Cutter Cone

A
  • Occurs in direct/primary bone healing
  • Bone remodeling
    • Osteoclasts cross the fracture site w/ osteoblasts following behind to lay down concentric lamellae (osteons)
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21
Q

Fibrous Osteodystrophy

A
  • Incr. osteoclastic resorption of bone & replacement by fibrous tissue
  • Factors: Hyperparathyroidism (primary < secondary)
  • Signs: deformities, lameness, pathologic fractures
  • “Rubber Jaw”
  • “Popeye Long Bone”
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22
Q

Articular Cartilage

A
  • Hyaline cartilage
  • Within joint spaces
  • NOT covered by perichondrium
  • Interstitial growth
  • Nutrients received via synovial fluid
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22
Q

Bone Resorption

A
  1. Decalcification of matrix: acidification within subosteoclastic compartment
  2. Digestion of organic components of matrix (collagen, PGs): lysosomal acid hydrolases (cathepsins)
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23
Q

Osteochondrosis Dissecans (OCD)

A
  • Articular epiphysis complex dysplasia
  • Clefts in retained cartilage w/ subsequent fracture of overlying cartilage
  • Pain, effusion, lameness, synovitis
  • Dogs (shoulder), horse (tarsus), pig (femur)
  • Leads to DJD
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24
Q

Endochondral Ossification

  1. Formation of Compact Bone
A
  • Cartilage is entirely replaced by bone
    • EXCEPT:
      • epiphyseal growth plate
      • articular cartilage
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25
Q

Haversian Systems/Osteons

A

Concentric rings of matrix surrounding a circular, vascular canal

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26
Q

Appositional Cartilage Growth

A
  • Deposition of new cartilage matrix by chrondroblast @ perichondrium (surface)
  • Growth via widening of bones
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26
Q

Prognathia

A
  • Maloclussion
  • Protrusion of lower jaw
  • “Undershot”
27
Q

Appendicular Bones

A
  • Thoracic limbs
  • Pelvic limbs
28
Q

Endochondral Ossification

  1. Medullary Cavity Development
A
  • Bone collar thickens, lengthens
  • Mature bone produced from woven bone
    • remodeling (bone formation & resorption)
  • Medullary cavity developes via osteoclast resorption
    • Bone marrow generated
28
Q

Fraction Classification: Pattern

A
29
Q

Inner Circumferential Lamellae

A

Cortical lamellae that extend completely around the entire cortex just beneath the endosteum

30
Q

Endochondral Ossification

1c. Hypertrophic Zone

A

Chondrocytes secrete macromolecules that modify matrix to allow capillary invasion and initiate matrix mineralization

31
Q

Indirect/Sencondary Bone Healing

A
  • Occurs w/ inadequate fixation & stabilization for primary bone healing
  • Requires fibrous/cartilagenous callus (bridge)
32
Q

Endochondral Ossification

  1. Calcification of Cartilage
A
  • Formation of woven bone collar
  • Blood vessels supply perichondrium
  • Osteoblast differentiation
32
Q

Direct/Primary Bone Healing

A
  • Does NOT require callus formation
  • Occurs w/ absolute fracture stability
  • Direct osteonal remodeling (“cutter cone”)
33
Q

Chondrodystrophy

A
  • Disproportionate dwarfs (basset hounds, dauschunds)
  • Primary lesion in growth plate and/or articular epiphysis complex
  • Random or selected mutations
35
Q

Vascular canals of Haversian System (Osteon)

A
  1. Haversian canals (center of osteon)
  2. Volkmann’s/communicating canals (connect adjacent Haversian canals)
  3. Perforating canals (penetrate from periosteum & endosteum)
37
Q

Chondrocytes

A
  • Mature cartilage cells
  • Embedded in matrix within lacunae
38
Q

Bone Neoplasia

A
  • Primary
    • Osteosarcoma
  • Secondary
    • Metastasis to other regions (breasts, prostate, lungs)
39
Q

Brachydontic Teeth

A
  • Do NOT grow continuously
  • Humans, carnivores, pigs
  • Crown covered in enamel only
  • Root covered in cementum only
40
Q

Fibrils

A
  • Collagen (and sometimes elastin) fibers
  • Arranged in 3D felt-like pattern
  • Part of matrix
41
Q

Avascular (atrophic) Nonunion

A
  • Failure of fracture to heal AND lack of callus formation
  • Rigid internal fixation in combo w/ method to stimulate fracture healing
42
Q

Deciduous Teeth

A

Baby teeth

43
Q

Matrix

A
  • Intercellular/ground substance
  • Fibrils (collagen fibers)
44
Q

Inflammation/Necrosis of Bone

A
  • Infectious: osteomyelitis
  • Non-infectious: hypertrophic osteodystrophy
  • Aseptic necrosis of bone (Legg-Calve-Perthes disease)
46
Q

Osteoblasts

A
  • Derived from mesenchymal stem cells
  • Bone formation
    • Produced bone matrix (osteoid)
    • Initiate mineralization of matrix
  • Initiate resorption of matrix by osteoclasts
  • Single nucleus
  • Occur in groups along bone surfaces
47
Q

Vascular Nonunion

A
  • Callus formation but failure of fracture to heal
  • Responds well to rigid internal fixation
49
Q

Interconvertible Cells

A

Cell can be converted to another cell type

50
Q

Methods to Stimulate Bone Fracture Healing

A
  • Cancellous bone autograft
  • Bone marrow cell injection
  • Bone graft substitute
  • Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)
  • Electrical/Ultraound stimulation
  • Shockwave therapy
52
Q

Outer Circumferential Lamellae

A

Cortical lamellae that extend completely around the entire cortex just beneath the periosteum

53
Q

Bone Modeling

A
  • Bone resorption: endocortical surface
  • Bone formation: periosteal surface
54
Q

Axial Bones

A
  • Head
  • Vertebrae
  • Ribs
  • Sternum
55
Q

Fraction Classification: Relation to External Environment

A
  • Simple/closed
  • Compound/open
56
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A
  • High concentration of elastic fibers in ground substance
  • Closely packed chrondrocytes (no isogenic groups)
  • Does NOT calcify
  • External ear, auditory tube, epiglottis
58
Q

Osteoclasts

A
  • Derived from hematopoietic stem cells
  • Multinucleated
  • Bone resorption
  • Resorption surface: Howship’s lacuna, resorption bays
  • Brush border adjacent to resorbed surface
  • Extensive membrane infolding @ bone/osteoclast interface
  • Activation: osteoblasts & bone marrow stromal cells
  • Decr. activity: estrogen, calcitonin
  • Incr. activity: PTH
60
Q

Endochondral Ossification

  1. Secondary Ossification Center Formation
A
  • In epiphysis
  • late in fetal development
  • no medullary cavity occurs
61
Q

Arterial Supply to Long Bones

A
  • Nutrient artery (marrow cavity)
  • Metaphyseal artery
  • Epiphyseal artery
  • Periosteal artery
62
Q

Frature Classification: Etiology

A
  • Traumatic
  • Pathologic
  • Stress
63
Q

Bone Regions (___physes)

A
64
Q

Hypsodontic Teeth

A
  • Grow throughout life
  • Horses, ruminants
  • Entire tooth encased in cementum, then enamel
65
Q

Bone Functions

A
  • Locomotion
  • Support
  • Attachment site for muscle tendons
  • Mineral homeostasis
  • Hematopoiesis (blood cell production)
66
Q

Cancellous Bone

A
  • AKA spongy or trabecular bone
  • Made up of trabeculae arranged in lamellae
  • Withstands mechanical stress applied to bone
68
Q

Endosteum

A
  • Lines all internal surfaces of bone, including;
    • Endocortical surface of cortical bone
    • Surfaces of cancellous bone
    • Canls of cortical bone
  • Loose connective tissue
  • Squamous cell lining (osteoprogenitor cells)
69
Q

Chondroblasts

A
  • Immature cartilage cells
  • Secrete extracellular matrix
  • NOT imprisoned in lacunae
70
Q

Osteomalacia/Rickets

A
  • O: adults, only bone affected
  • R: growing skeleton, bone & cartilage affected
  • Failure of mineralization → bone deformities, fracture, bone pain
  • Factors: Vit. D or phosphorus deficiency
  • Rachitic rosary of ribs (focal thickening of growth plates)
72
Q

Cement/Reversal Lines

A

Thin lines of uncalcified matrix along margins of haversian & interstitial systems

73
Q

Brachygnathia

A
  • Maloclussion
  • Shorter lower jaw
  • “Overshot”
74
Q

Flat Bone

A
  • Develop via intramembranous ossification
    • osteoblasts produce bone directly
    • No cartilage precursors
  • Ex. skull
75
Q

Endochondral Ossification

  1. Mature Bone
A
  • Cortical & cancellous bone development
  • Epiphyseal growth plate fused
  • Perichondrium → periosteum
76
Q

Healing of (tooth) Extraction Socket

A

Clot formation → repair phase → initiation of bone formation → woven bone → lamellar bone

77
Q

Bone Lining Cells

A
  • Cover resting bone surfaces
  • Communicate w/ osteocytes via canaliculi
  • Regulation of Ca++ flow from bone to extracell. fluid
  • Can convert to osteoblasts w/ hormonal/mechanical stimuli
78
Q

Fracture Classification: Displacement

A
  • Undisplaced
  • Displaced
    • Translation (shift)
    • Angulation (tilt)
    • Rotation (twist)
79
Q

Osteochondrosis (OD)

A
  • Degernerative process of cartilage
  • Involves growth plate and/or articular epiphysis complex
  • Retention of growth cartilage (failed to mineralize) → ischemic necrosis
  • Lameness, pain
  • Young animals
    • Large dog breeds (shoulder, elbow, tarsus), horses, cattle, poultry
80
Q

Cortical Bone

A
  • AKA compact bone
    • Harder, outer layer of bone
  • Made up of osteons
81
Q

Renal Fibrous Osteodystrophy

A
  • Decr. glomerular function → hyperphosphatemia
  • Decr. activation of 1,2-D3 → Decr. Ca++ absorption

→Incr. PTH → Incr. ostroclast resorption, Decr. osteoblast bone formation, fibrous tissue replaces bone

Musculoskeletal (VEM 5111G) (4 decks)

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