IFR Stuff Flashcards
RVR?
Rwy visual Range - the visibility determined for a particular runway by a transmissometer.
FEET (SM)
1600 1/4
2400 5/8
3200 3/4
4500 7/8
5000 1
6000 1 1/4
What is considered Runway Environment?
REIL
Papi/Vasi
Lightning approach systems
Rwy
RWY markings
Rwy Lights
Threshold
Threshold markings
Threshold lights
Touchdown zone or markings
Holding speeds
6000 and below 200kts
6001 - 14,000 230 kts
14,001 above 265 kts
DP’s
Departure procedures - Are preplanned graphical/textual routes from airport that provide obstacle clearance while reducing communication and departure delays
2 types:
ODP & SIDs found in the Terminal Procedure Publications.
SID’s
Standard instrument Departures-
ATC procedures printed graphically for pilots. provides obstacles clearance and a transition from terminal area to en route. Designed for system enhancement and reduce pilot workload.
Pilot nav SIDs - provide your own nav. With minimal radio communication.
Radar Vector SIDs - ATC provides Radar Vectors just after take off.
MEA
Minimum Enroute Altitude
Lowest published Altitude between radio fixes that ensure acceptable radio navigation signal and obstacles clearance.
MOCA
Minimum Obstruction Clearance Altitude - lowest published altitude between radio fixes on VOR airways, off airway routes or route segments that meet obstacles clearance requirements and acceptable nav. Signal coverage only with in 25 sm (22nm) of a VOR.
MCA
Minimum crossing Altitude
Lowest altitude at certain fixes at which aircraft must cross when in the direction of higher MEA.
MRA
Minimum reception Altitude
The lowest altitude at which an interception must be determined from an off course NAVAID.
MAA
Maximum Authorized Altitude
Max usable altitude for an airspace structure or a route segment that ensures adequate reception of nav aid signals.
OROCA
Off Route obstruction clearance Altitude
Provides obstruction clearance with a 1000 foot buffer in non mountainous terrain areas and 2000 Foot buffer in mountainous terrain. Might not provide signal coverage from Ground based nav aids, ATC radar or communications coverage.
What must be reported to ATC?
Missed Approach
Airspeed change - +-10kts or 5%
Reaching a holding fix
Vacating altitude
ETA change more than 2 mins
Leaving assigned holding fix
Outer marker inbound
Unforecast weather
Safety of Flight compromised
VFR On top: Altitude change
Final Approach inbound
Radio/coms malfunction
Compulsory fix
500 FPM Climb/decent unable
RAIM?
Receiver Autonomous Integrity Receiver
Satellites that remove any single error positioning from the majority of satellites that say you’re in the same position.
WAAS
Wide Area Augmented System
Designed to Improve Accuracy, Integrity, availability of GPS Signal by using Measurements from the reference stations are sent to master stations, which queue the received Deviation Correction (DC) and send the correction messages to geostationary WAAS satellites in a timely manner (every 5 seconds or better).
What does the airplane need to be equipped with for IFR Flight?
FAR 91.205
ATOMATOFLAMES +FLAPS+
G enerator/Alternator
R adios+Nav
A ltimeter (kolman)
B all
C lock
A ttitude
R ate of turn
D irectional gyro
What do you do when Lost comms?
-Check the last freq., your volume and check your Headset plugs. Still nothing 7600
Figure out:
Route -where to Fly?
Assigned
Vectored
Expected
Filed
(Which ever happened last)
Altitude- How high to fly?
Minimun enroute altitude
Expected
Assigned
(Which ever is higher)
maybe lost of alternator. Bigger problem. squawk 7700.
VFR-on-TOP
Permits pilots to select an altitude or FL of choice altitude where IMC does not exist.
Must fly:
-Appropriate VFR Altitude
-Able to see and avoid other traffic
-Comply with VFR visibility from clouds
-Comply with IFR
VFR Over-The-Top
A VFR operation in which the pilot maintains VFR cloud clearance requirements at all times while flying over an undercast layer.
Take off in VFR conditions- Over the clouds- to VFR destination.
No IFR clearance is required.
MSA
Minimum Safe/Sector altitude
Provides 1000 Ft clearance, but not assure Nav. signal.
What must you be familiar with before flying?
Notams
Weather
Known ATC Delays
Runways
Alternatives
Fuel Requirements
Take off/Landing Performance
What are the different types of Notams?
D Notams
FDC
Pointer
International
Military
Where can Notams be obtained?
1800WXBRIEF
WXBRIEF.com
FAA.gov
FIS-B Flight Information Service
Different types of Airspeed?
Indicated - as shown
Calibrated (CAS) - for position
Equivalent - CAS corrected for compression
True - CAS corrected for nonstandard temp. & pressure
Different types of Altitudes
Indicated - as shown
True - Sea Level
Absolute - AGL =True-Elev
Pressure - 29.92
Density - Pressure corrected for temp.
Forecast associated with Low Pressure
Storm turning counter clockwise
Unstable air
cumulous
Good Visibility
Turbulence
Rain
Forecast associated with High Pressure
Clockwise
Stable Air
Stratus
Fog/Mist
Steady rain
Fog and different types
When Temp + Dew are identical
Radiation- Calm nights, air cooling
Advection - require wind in coastal areas. Moist air moving over cooler ground/water
Upslope - Moist air being blown up higher terrain
Frontal - Warm moist air over a front
Steam - Cold air moves over warm
Type of WX Fronts
Cold - moves over warm
Occluded - Fast moving cold front over take a warm
Warm - Warm air mass flows over a cold mass
Stationary - two air masses are stationary
What are characteristics of stable air?
Stratus type clouds
Poor Visibility
Steady percipitation
Smooth air
Association to Temperature inversions
What are characteristics of unstable air?
Cumulous Clouds
Good Surface visibility
Turbulence
Isolated showery rain
Possible clear icing
What can you expect from your instruments if your static port is blocked?
Airspeed reads inaccurate (Climb=lowers, descent=higher)
VSI reads Zero
Altimeter will freeze at blocked altitude.
What can you expect if your Pitot tube is blocked? And if both ram and drain are blocked?
Airspeed will drop to Zero
Ram + Drain Blocked = ASI act like altimeter.
How does the Airspeed Indicator work?
Ram air VS. Static Air in a Diaphragm
How does the Vertical speed Indicator work?
And Aneroid the measures rate of pressure vs. Static pressure.
How does the Altimeter work?
referenced pressure vs. static pressure.
Basic Med
What are the requirements?
Limitations?
Fly with Driver’s license
A standard physical every 4 years
Complete basic med course every 2 years
Limitations:
- Airplane: No more that 6 seats
-MTOW of 6000 lbs.
Operating requirements:
-No more than 5 pax.
-VFR/IFR under 18,000 MSL
-Not exceed 250 kts.
-Not for Hire.
Proficient VS. Current
Skills to fly, Legal to fly.
When is IFR required?
-IMC
-WX less than Min. VFR
-In class A airspace
-Under special VFR in class B,C,D,E Controlled airspace
-Carrying Pax for hire, XC+50nm. or at night.
What is the recent flight experience for PIC to carry Pax
must do 3 take off and landings in the preceding 90 days.
3 To/Landings to full stop to take pax at night (1hr after sunset-1hr before sunrise)
Once given instructions/clearance from ATC, cannot deviate unless…
what can you expect…
in an Emergency.
If given priority in a emergency, must submit report within 48hours, if requested.
DA/DH
Decision Altitude on precision approach, a pilot must chose to execute a missed approach.
MDA
Lowest altitude authorized on final on a non precision approach.
When can you go below Minimums?
-In a position to make a safe landing.
-Able to identify airport environment.
Approach lighting system is identified may descend 100ft above TDZN.
Pilot personal checklist
Illnes
Medication wait x2 the label
Stress
Alcohol
Fatigue/Food
Emotion
Hypoxia
Oxygen Deficiency. Prevented by Supplemental Oxygen or lower altitudes.
Hypoxic -High altitudes/decrease pressure
Hypemic - most common, like carbon monoxide. Higher altitudes =less Oxygen. = more susceptible to Carbon poisoning.
Stagnant- cold temps, lack of currculation.
Histotoxic- alcohol/ drug usage.
Hazardous attitudes
Antiauthority - don’t tell me >Follow the rules
impulsivity- Do it quickly >Not so fast
invulnerability- Won’t happen to me. > It could happen to me.
Macho- I can do it. >taking chances is foolish
resignation- what the use. > I can make a difference.
Classes of VOR
Term- 25 nm 1000-12,500
Low- 40nm 1000- 18,000
High- 40nm 1000-14,000
100nm 14-18
130nm 18-45
100nm 45-60
when to execute a missed approach?
-approach unstable
-atc request
-windshear
-runway not safe
-runway environment not insight.
what are the components of your Pitot static system
the pitot tube
the pitot drain hole
the pitot tube heating
the static port
the alternate static port
