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Identity Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Male Inequalities: Employment

A

Farrell- Glass Cellar
men dominate 24 out of 25 ranked dangerous jobs

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2
Q

Male Inequalities: Health

A

Benatar- second sexism
men work dangerous jobs, don’t have custody, conscripted, victims of casual crime
96% of deaths in workplace were male

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3
Q

Male Inequalities: family

A

Dermott- Intimate Fathers and Gershuny- househusbands
Cant rely on job to give them identity and fulfilment
parents can share 50 weeks of leave and 37 weeks of pay however only 5% of fathers take this scheme.

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4
Q

Male Inequalities: Education

A

Cohen- Status frustration
44% of men participate in higher education compared to 57% women

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5
Q

Male Inequalities: crime

A

Pollack- Chivalry Thesis
75% arrests male
Status frustration- cohen

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6
Q

Female Inequalities: Employment

A

vertical segregation-
males and females dominate different levels of jobs
only 35% of MP’s are female

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7
Q

Female Inequalities: wealth and poverty

A

Chant- Time Poverty
Men can begin their careers younger and build on them
seven times more likely to be out the labour market due to caring commitments

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8
Q

Female Inequalities: Family and health

A

Henrietta and Grundy- sandwich generation
seven times more likely to be out of the labour market due to caring commitments

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9
Q

Female Inequalities: Education

A

Feminists- Hidden curriculum
Gendered subjects leads to horizontal and vertical segregation
23% of a level physics students were female but only 14% did apprenticeships

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10
Q

Female Inequalities: crime

A

Johnson- Patriarchal terrorism
due to crisis in masculinity
1 in 4 women will experience domestic abuse in their lifetime

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11
Q

Female Inequalities: media

A

McRobbie and Mulvey- slim blondeness and make gaze
Eating Disorders were identified in 12.5% of 17 to 19 year olds

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12
Q

sociological explanations gender: functionalism (POSITIVE)

A

parsons- instrumental vs expressive role, based on biological differences
Rastogi- Human capital theory, sees it as knowledge, competency, attitude and behaviour men’s is work orientated but women’s homemakers

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13
Q

Social explanations gender: New Right

A

Murray- nuclear families and traditional gender roles concerned that change in gender roles leads to lone parent families leading to social problems

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14
Q

Sociological explanations gender: Marxism (BAD)

A

Engles- Private Property and Ownership
women are controlled by capitalism to ensure private property and wealth could be handed down efficiently. nuclear families oppress women reducing them to a single role.

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15
Q

sociological explanations gender: weberianism

A

Barron and Norris- Dual Labour Market Theory

Weber- Social Closure and old boy netowrk

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16
Q

sociological explanation gender: postmodernism

A

Hakim- Preference theory
Believes its women’s rational choice to choose being a mother
lack of women in top jobs and their domination of part time work do not reflect worker discrimination

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17
Q

Ethnic Inequalities: workplace

A

Barron and Norris- Dual Labour Market Theory
Castles and Koscack- Reserve army of Labour

unemployment for white people 3% but 6% for people from BAME
Only 10% of MP’s are from ethnic minorities

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18
Q

Ethnic Minorities: Education

A

Bhatti- pro school ethos
Chinese and Indian pupils labelled ‘ideal students’

Sewell- labels
of African Caribbean boys leads them to a self fulfilling prophecy treated more unfairly and harshly

Black Caribbean pupils 2x more likely to be excluded
4.4% of head teachers in schools are from ethnic minority groups

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19
Q

Ethnic minorities: Crime

A

Townsley and Marshall- Driving while black

Nightingale- paradox of inclusion
Excluded by a racist society from achieving material success leads to criminality

4.9x more likely to be stopped than a white person
A survey 374 legal professionals found that 56% had witnessed at least one judge acting in a radically biased way

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20
Q

Ethnic inequalities: media

A

Van Dijk- stereotypes
Young black African males as criminal, unimportant and a threat which creates a self fulfilling prophecy
Abbas- climate of Islamophobia
Negative stereotype against Muslims fears aboir radicalisation and extremism exaggerated by the media

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21
Q

Sociological explanations ethnicity: feminism

A

Davidson; Li- concrete ceiling
Barriers to promotion hard to break through Muslim women removed their hijabs or changed their names to be more respected
Race AND gender affecting

Collins- sexual representations
Black women are oppressed by the media young black women portrayed over sexually

22
Q

Sociological explanations ethnicity: Interactionist

A

Townsley and Marshall- labelling driving while black led to discriminatory practices while policing leads to black people having bad experiences in their encounters with the police interactions often involve conflict and confrontation

23
Q

Sociological explanations ethnicity: subcultrualist

A

Nightingale- paradox of inclusion
Exists for young black people whereby they desire to be part of mainstream culture but excluded by racist society

24
Q

Sociological explanations ethnicity : functionalism

A

Parsons- meritocracy
Parsons suggests that some minorities ethnic groups such as Indian and Chinese origin do better in education only due to their hard work not because of racism hard work encouraged while in other ethnic groups don’t get encouraged

Patterson- Host immigration model
Arrival of immigrants in 1950s led to culture clash, inequalities caused by the host country acting fearful and displaying resentment as well as immigrants failing to assimilate into host culture so people from BAME backgrounds bought or rented in inner city areas

25
Q

Sociological explanations ethnicity : New Right

A

Murray- black underclass
Increase in black single mothers dependency on benefits fathers absence leads ac boys to turn to violence

Sewell- cultural comfort zones
Peer groups like to associate with others, clear within society large numbers of Muslims live in inner city areas

26
Q

Sociological explanations ethnicity : Marxism

A

Castles & Kosack
Em act as a surplus labour market hired during boom periods and fired during recession enabled wc to be divided into groups with em being scapegoated for unemployment

Cox- Strike breakers
Racism socially constructed by those in control to exploit less powerful groups therefore ideologically asserts superiority of white people

27
Q

Sociological explanations ethnicity: weberianism

A

Barron and Norris- Dual labour market theory
Primary dominated by men well paid jobs, secure
Secondary not well paid, unsecured, zero hour contract

Miles- Radicalised class fractions
Occurred due to white minority treating ethnic minorities as socially and culturally different consequently ethnic minorities turn inwards

28
Q

Social class inequalities: family

A

Sugarman- immediate and deferred gratification working class children encouraged to live in the moment

Murray- dependency culture cycle of deprivation

22% of people live in the UK live In poverty includes 4.2 mill children

29
Q

Social class inequalities: Employment

A

Marx- minimum wage
upperclass deliberately pay wc minimum to increase profit and keep order
Greening; Friedman- class ceiling and old boys network believe regional accent is a barrier of success more social connections means better opportunities

2 in 10 working age adults live in poverty

30
Q

social class inequalities: Education

A

keddie- labelling and setting wc more likely to be placed in a lower set leads to a self fulfilling prophecy
willis;Cohen- anti school subcultures and status frustration get into crime

over half of senior judges went through the private school to Oxbridge pipeline

31
Q

social class inequalities: crime

A

upper class status means they can get out of crimes and pay fines get good lawyers too

74% of the prison pop is drawn from the poorest 20% of pop

32
Q

social class inequalities: media

A

Skeggs- consumer culture wc individuals spend money on material possessions

33
Q

sociological explanations social class: marxism

A

Bourdieu- cultural, economic & social capital
upper and middle class hold and share attitudes that will help them to succeed, private schooling

Althusser- ISA vs RSA
exploit proletariat by spreading ideology through agents of socialisation ISA deceived by media and education accept it if people don’t listen RSA to directly control proletariat

34
Q

sociological explanation social class: functionalism

A

Davis and Moore- Meritocracy
society is based off hard work and status is achieved through hard work and effort rewards act as an incentive to work harder spend longer in education

Parsons and Davis and Moore- value consensus and role allocation- stratification is beneficial to society people deserve higher pay for jobs,

35
Q

sociological explanation social class: Weberiansm

A

Barron and Norris- Dual labour market theory

36
Q

sociological explanations social class: New Right

A

Murray- Dependency culture and development of underclass

37
Q

sociological explanation social class: feminism

A

Benston- reserve army of labour

Oakly- patriarchal ideology exists embedded through gender socialisation men dominate the top jobs in societies such as UK

38
Q

sociological explanations social class: postmodernism

A

Young- conspicuous consumption pick and choose identity they want through consumption buy things middle class people would buy to fit in

39
Q

Age inequalities: families (young)

A

Palmer- Toxic childhood
Murray- underclass and dependecy culture

4.3 mil children live in poverty
62 children referred to agencies a day

40
Q

Age inequalities: work and employment (young)

A

Barron and Norris- Dual labour market theory
Parsons- meritocracy

Under 18 mw £6.40 while 18-20 is £8.40
13% employed on a 0 hour contract

41
Q

Age inequalities: media (young)

A

Griffin- negative stereotypes dysfunctional, deviant and delinquent creates moral panic self fulfilling prophecy and master status putting off employees

Mulvey and mcrobbie- slim blondes and male gaze

48% feel as though they’re addicted to social media

42
Q

Age inequalities: crime

A

Matza- subterranean values
Deviant behaviours drift in and out of this but most won’t take on a deviant career, emply techniques of neutralisation which stop them from accepting label and a master status forming
Argue higher loyalties, denial of responsibility and denial of injury

Children aged 10-14 have the highest reoffending rate 34%

43
Q

Age inequalities: work and employment (old)

A

Phillipson- reserve army of labour
Phillipson- political economy theory

State pension is 66 expected to rise
Ageism in the workplace starts at 40 for women and 45 for men

44
Q

Age inequalities: family and health (old)

A

Henrietta and Grundy- sandwich generation

22% over 75 live alone

45
Q

Age inequalities: media (old)

A

Sontag- silver ceiling
Berry- silver surfers

Women who dye their has increase to 75%

46
Q

Sociological explanations age: functionalism

A

Henry and Cummings- disengagement theory
Treating old is a positive for society elderly deteriorates and need to be relieved which leads to retirement being planned encouraged to abandon their role

Parsons- meritocracy

47
Q

Sociological explanations age: new right

A

Murray- dependency culture

Murray- economic burden on the state

48
Q

Sociological explanations age: Marxism

A

Phillipson- reserve army of labour
Phillipson- political economy theory

49
Q

Sociological explanations age: weberianism

A

Barron and Norris- dual market labour theory
Hockey and James- infantilisation

50
Q

Sociological explanations age: feminism

A

Itzin- Reproduction women being on maternity leave
Arber & Ginn- doubly devalued after menopause and retirement age
Sontag- silver ceiling and cosmeticisation

51
Q

Sociological explanation age: interactionist

A

Griffin and victor- labelling
Matza- Subterranean values

52
Q

Sociological explanations age: postmodernism

A

Berry- silver surfers
Blaikie- grey pound

Sociology (7 decks)

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