Identity Flashcards
What is the concept of Identity?
Identity refers to how you see yourself, whereas social identity refers to how others see you
What is Ethnicity?
Ethnicity is a sense of cultural awareness or identity within groups whose members share a common history or heritage
What did Ghumann find when looking at the Primary socialisation of Asian children?
They found that tradition, religion and family values (respect for elders, duty, importance of prayer) were central aspects of primary socialisation of Asian children
What did Ghumann find about the mother tongue regarding Asian children?
It was seen as especially important in maintaining links between generations and transmitting religious values- Asian children are therefore usually bilingual
What did Jacobson find about young Pakistani Muslims?
They are adopting a strong Islamic identity in response to the UK/US invasion of Afghanistan and Iraq, conspiracies around 9/11, Islamophobia etc
What opposes Jacobson’s findings?
Research suggests most young Muslims in the UK generally express a strong sense of belonging to British society- feel integrated. Also extremist Islamic views are only held by a tiny minority
What is a hybrid identity?
An identity held by a person who subscribes to two or three important cultural roots
What did Johal and Bains say about Brasians?
Focused on dual identities where British Asians have a number of different identities depending on who they’re with- code switching, found they use their Asian identity more at home and use a ‘white mask’ in public spaces like school to interact/connect with white peers
What did Gilroy argue about the African-Caribbean identity?
It could be described as ‘Black Atlantic’ because young black people in the UK identified with the racism and powerlessness they saw themselves as sharing with their american peers
What did Back find about cultural hybridity?
White youth (especially in the 1990s) were attracted to and adopted many aspects of the Black culture including speech mannerisms, dress codes, music etc
What does Nayak say about ‘White wannabes’?
They are white teenagers that are influenced by Black and Asian culture in terms of clothing, piercings, rap, hip-hop etc
What is meant by ‘National identity’?
The feeling of being part of a larger community, especially the nation state, which gives a sense of pride, purpose and meaning
What does Anderson say regarding national identities and the concept of a ‘Nation’?
A Nation is an ‘imagined community’ and national identity is socially constructed via the media, education and even religion through symbols e.g flags, national anthems etc
How does Celtic identity link to the confusion within British identity?
Celtics (Irish, Welsh and Scottish) are less likely to identify as British- 45% of Scots voted to leave the UK, Welsh speakers will identify as Welsh before British
What does Sardar say regarding globalisation?
The world is in the middle of a global identity crisis as globalisation becomes the norm- British now know more about places abroad and are also now more well travelled- everyday life is less likely to be shaped by British identity and more likely to be shaped by global influences
What did Stuart Hall say about Cultural Homogenisation being a reaction to globalisation?
Some societies find global mass culture swaps their local culture- large parts of the world may experience cultural similarity as people listen to the same music, watch the same films, eat the same food (McDonalds)
What did Stuart Hall say about Cultural Hybridity being a reaction to globalisation?
Other societies may combine the best of global culture with aspects of their localised culture e.g. Indian film industry -> Bollywood (Asian and American)
What did Stuart Hall say about Cultural resistance being a reaction to globalisation?
Some cultures may resist the mass culture of globalisation - many cultures view globalisation as a threat to tradition, religious authority and moral order (common in Islam)
What do feminists believe about gender?
It is socially constructed via gender role socialisation
What is meant by gender role socialisation?
Boys and girls are taught by society to conform to culturally dominant or hegemonic masculine and feminine norms of behaviour
What is the first process of gender role socialisation according to Oakley?
Manipulation= the encouragement of behaviour that is seen as culturally acceptable, such as rowdy behaviour in boys, or discouraging behaviour that is socially unacceptable e.g. crying for boys
What is the second process of gender role socialisation according to Oakley?
Canalisation= channelling children’s interests into toys, games and activities considered to be the norm for their gender, for example football for boys and dance for girls
What is the third process of gender role socialisation according to Oakley?
Verbal appellation= using gendered language to describe children, e.g. “pretty” or “princess” for girls and “little man” or “handsome” for boys
What is the fourth process of gender role socialisation according to Oakley?
Different activities= boys and girls are encouraged to participate in domestic activities seen as suitable for their gender e.g. girls helping their mother clean and boys help their father wash the car
What do feminists say about the view that femininity and masculinity are products of biology?
Feminists reject this view, saying that is this were the case, femininity and masculinity would take the same form in every society, which they do not
What is Jackson’s study that rejects the stereotypical gender norms?
Ladettes= girls and young women who adopt traditionally masculine or laddish styles of behaviour e.g. assertiveness, overt sexuality and drinking heavily
What were the 4 types of masculinity according to Connell?
Marginalised, hegemonic, subordinate and complicit
How does Connell define hegemonic masculinity?
Men who are in paid work and are therefore the family breadwinner and head of the family. It went into decline in the 1980s onwards due to globalisation bringing unemployment with it e.g Danny dyer
How does Connell define Marginalised masculinity?
This is those who are unemployed forever from a certain sector due to their workplace closing down fully e.g. mine work, steelworks etc- bring in the Full Monty
How does Connell define Subordinate masculinity?
This refers to those who are homosexual and they therefore display traits such as being chatty, artistic, having good fashion etc e.g Boy George, James Charles
How does Connell define complicit masculinity?
Refers to men who share the household roles with their partner and are involved in typically feminine things e.g. childcare for example David Beckham
What do Mac and Ghaill say when discussing masculinity?
A rise in unemployment lead to a ‘crisis in masculinity’ as they are no longer the breadwinners and are therefore unsure of their masculine identity so then suffer with depression and suicide due to feeling emasculated (mainly hegemonic men)
What did Nayak say traditional men had?
Body capital- they work in factories and manual labour jobs which require them to be strong
What did Burdsey research?
Young Asian footballers- found that fitting in was an important factor in the extent to which these footballers were prepared to drop or hide their Asian identity and instead a laddish behaviour
What did Osler and Vincent say about girls?
Girls were in exclusion less often as they tend to care about their reputation, career and education
What are New wave girls? Thinker?
Blackman observed the lower middle and working class New Wave girls in secondary schools and found the girls were a loud, disruptive and confident highly visible group of girls and they would challenge male teacher’s stereotypes of girls- assert of femininity
What is said regarding Asian girls and their socialisation?
Seidler said they want to honour their family (izzat) and therefore do well in school and don’t focus on boys but they also want a career
What is passive femininity?
Women who are submissive to men, want to marry breadwinners (wags), more domestic e.g. Rebecca Vardy
What is Normative femininty?
These women want to get good grades, are sensible, want a good career etc
What is meant by a bedroom subculture? Thinker?
McRobbie= girls are controlled more and stay in their bedrooms e.g. gossiping, do hair, facetime, do makeup etc
What does Bourdieu say about class?
Class groupings or ‘class fractions’ can be distinguished from each other by their possessions or non-possession of three types of capital; economic (money-based), social (access to people/connections), and cultural (knowledge, skills etc favoured by the high culture)
What is the upper class identity defined by?
It’s wealth, privilege, aristocratic titles and possession of high culture
What is ascribed status?
Status and wealth in which they have inherited (nepotism)
What is achieved status?
Status and wealth in which the individual has worked for and therefore achieved
Why do sociologists say that the upper class people practice social closure?
In order to ensure that their share of wealth and privilege is maintained by an elite few
What is the middle class traditionally associated with (in terms of work)?
Non-manual work, especially that associated with long periods of training in skilled professional work such as law and medicine or they perform managerial and executive roles
What are common characteristics of the middle class?
Had a university education, earn well above average salaries, they wield power over others, they have a great deal of status as well as cultural capital and social capital- also highly value deferred gratification
