Identifications Midterm#2 Flashcards
Drones
Another term for unmanned aerial vehicles ; these small flying vehicles , which can be armed or unarmed are increasingly used in combat and reconnaissance operations
Weapons of mass destruction (WMDs)
Nuclear,chemical, and biological weapons , all distinguished from conventional weapons by their enormous potential lethality and their relative lack of discrimination in who they kill
Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
The longest-range ballistic missiles,able to travel 5,000 miles
Chemical Weapons Convention (1992)
an agreement that bans the production and possession of chemical weapons and includes strict verification provisions and the threat of sanctions against violators and nonparticipants in the treaty
Biological Weapons Conventions (1972)
An agreement that prohibits the development, productions and possession of biological weapons but makes no provision for inspections
Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT ) (1968)
-A treaty that created a framework for controlling the spread of nuclear materials and expertise ,
-to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy and to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament and general and complete disarmament
Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)
The possession of second-strike nuclear capabilities, which ensures that neither of two adversaries could prevent the other from destroying it in an all-out war
Strategic Defense Initiates (SDI)
A US effort also known as Star Wars, to develop defenses that could shoot down incoming ballistic shoot down incoming ballistic missiles, spurred by President Ronald Reagan in 1983. Critics call it an expensive failure that will likely be ineffective
Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty (1972)
A treaty that prohibited either the US or the Soviet Union from using a ballistic missile defense as a shield , which would have undermined mutually assured destructions and the basis of deterrence
Comprehensive Test Ban Treay (CTBT) (1996)
A treaty that bans all nuclear weapons testing, thereby broadening the ban on atoospheric testing negotiated in1963
Norms
Average/ socially enforced behavior / expectations of a group or cohort ex: stealing is wrong
Fighting a Counter insurgency (COIN)
Military force (often from outside powers) directed toward surpressing armed rebellion, protecting civilians & strengthening the govt.
- sauces requirement: 1 soldier to 50 civilians
External balancing
-represents an alliance arrangement whereby states join in opposition to a stronger state that is perceived as a source of danger , making this kind of balancing a measure of assuring security through combined opposition to an aggressor or a potential hegemon who can endanger the wellbeing and survival of smaller powers.
Terrorism
Premeditated, politically motivated violence against noncombatant targets by sub national, illegitimate groups, intend to influence an audience
Counterterrorism
Focuses on eliminating the terrorists / armed rebellion
Conventional forces
(Army/Navy/Airforce) is a form of warfare conducted by using conventional weapons and battlefield tactics between two or more states in open confrontation.
Chemical and Biological Weapons Affairs (CBW)
Serves as the lead within the Department of State to promote the global ban on chemical weapons as embodied in the CWC, including the responsibility
Nuclear Triad
- Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces
- Tactical/ battlefield Nuclear Weapons
- Conventional Forces
-enables a nation to deliver a nuclear attack by land,sea or air
Detente
“Relaxation” process of managing relations with a potentially hostile country in order to preserve peace while maintaining our vial interests
INTL Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA)
Serves as the world’s foremost intergovernmental forum for scientific and technical cooperation in the peaceful use of nuclear energy
Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF) Treaty
-an arms control treat between the US and the Soviet Union. President Ronald Reagan and Soviet general Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev signed the treaty on 8 Dec. 1987
INTL Law
-set of guidelines, can be informal/formal that national govt. recognize as potentially binding on themselves & on other national govnts
Sequences : ideas-> norms -> roles -> institutions
Ex: stealing is wrong-> unethical&hurts business ->anti-theft law-> police & law
INTL Criminal court (ICC)
-new institution- entered into force in 2002
-authorized to prosecute individuals for 4 crimes
1. Genocide
2.crimes against humanity
3. War crimes
4.Crime of Agression
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
-INTL document adopted by the UN General Assembly that enshrines the rights and freedoms of all human beings
-widely recognized as having inspired, and paved the way for, the adoption of more than seventy human rights treaties, applied today on a permanent basis at global and regional levels
INTL Covenant on Civil and Political Rights(CCPR) signed 1966
-a multilateral treaty that commits nations to respect the civil and political rights of individuals, including the right to life, freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly , electoral rights and rights to due process and a fair trial
UN Convention on the Rights of the Chidl (CRC)
-INTL treaty that aims to protect the rights of children WW, defines a child as any human being under the age of 18 and calls on States Parties to take all appropriate measures to ensure that children’s rights are protected
INTL Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission (IGLHRC)
-LGBTQ human rights non-governmental organization
-addresses human rights violations and abuses against LGBTQ people
Just War Doctrine
-largely Christian philosophy that taking a human life is wrong but war is humane/ethical because the state
- has a duty to defend its citizens
-must defend justice
-must protect innocent human life
-must defend important moral values
A just war
1. Last resort
2. Just cause
3.valid authority
4. Probable success
5.proportionally
6. Exit strategy
World Govt
-concept of a single policiatl authority with jurisdiction over all of earth and humanity
- a proposal to maintain world peace and solve global problems by providing a set of unifying institutions
UN COnference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
A structure established in 1964 to promote third world development through various trade proposals
World Health Organization (WHO)
An organization based in Geneva that provides technical assistance to improve health conditions in the third world and conducts major immunization campaigns
Diplomatic Immunity
-principle of INTL law by which certain foreign govnt officials are not subject to the jurisdiction of local courts and other authorities
-diplomats who represent their country abroad enjoy diplomatic immunity; protects them against prosecution as long as they hold their diplomatic post
Amnesty INTL
- worldwide movnt of people who campaign for human rights
-organized to make it possible for ordinary people to speak up- to protest on behalf of other human beings who are at risk of abuse
INTL Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)
(1863) - impartial and neutral organization whose exclusively humanitarian mission is to protect the lives and dignity of victims of armed conflict
UN Charter
-must be signed by ALL govnts - seeking to join the UN
-has been signed by 193 national govts
-codifies that all states are equal in terms of INTL Law have full independence,& territorial integrity & must carry out their INTL obligations
UN Security Council
-meets as need in NY
-membership: permanent 5 + rotating 10
-resolutions : require 9 yes votes w/ 0 no’s
- in theory resolutions are binding on member states
UN General Assembly
-holds annual plenary session in NY & occasional sessions on dedicated topics
-membership: all UN member-states have an equal vote
-resolutions: non-binding
- US is irritated by it
World Court
Aka INTL Court of Justice (ICJ) the judicial arm of the UN; located in The Hague, it hears only cases between states
UN Secretary-General
- symbols of UN ideals and a spokesperson for the interests of the world’s peoples
-chief administrative officer
-makes appointments to UN posts, overseeing peacekeeping missions and mediating conflict
Peacekeeping
-compromises activities, especially military ones, intended to create conditions that favor lasting peace
- undertaken by UN to maintain INTL peace and security throughout the world
Doha Round
A series of negotiations under the World Trade organization that began in DOha, Qatar in 2001. It followed the Uruguay Round and has focused on agricultural subsidies, intellectual property and other issues
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade(GATT)
A world organization established in 1947 to work for freer trade on a multilateral basis; the GATT was more of a negotiating framework than an administrative institution. It became WTO in 1995
WTO
An organization begun in 1995 that replaced the GATT and expanded its traditional forces on manufactured goods. The WTO created monitoring and enforcement mechanisms
Most Favored Nation (MFN)
A principle by which one-state by granting another state MFN status, promises to give it the same treatment given to the first state’s most-favored trading partner
Embedded Liberalism
- a compromise between two desirable but partially conflicting objectives
-system of trade where states are allowed to implement domestic policies that tame econ dislocations
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA/USMCA)
A free trade zone encompassing the US, Canada and Mexico since 1994
Generalized System of Preferences (GSP)
(1974) -largest and oldest US trade preference program
-promotes econ development by eliminating duties on thousands of produced when imported from designated beneficiary countries and territories
INTL Trade Organization (ITO)
-proposed in WWI
-1. Rules about free trade via trade/tariff negotiations (GATT
-2. Rules about foreign direct investment , specifically rights for host countries
-3. Rules for full employment via protection
Gravity Model of Trade
-predicts flow of goods between two locations is positively related to their size and negatively related to the distance between them, after controlling for factors that may affect trade
Free Trade Liberalism
Good bought/sold w/o or w/ few restrictions like tariffs
Protectionism
States augment power by trade surpluses and limiting/barring access to their markets
Balance of trade
The value of a state’s exports relative to its imports
Balance of payments
A summary of all the flows of money into and out of a country. It includes three types of INTl transactions: the current account (including the merchandise trade balance) flows of capital and changes in reserves
Current account
- records a nations transactions with the rest of the world- specifically its net trade in G&S, and net transfer payments
-shows income earned by a country and expenditure it makes in dealing w/ other countries
Capital account
- shows capital transfer receivable and payable between residents and nonresidents
- shows the acquisition and disposal of non produced, non financial assets between residents and non residents
Absolute/Competitive advantage
Compares two counties in terms of one product: a country has an absolute advantage if it can produce more of a given product (or produce it at a lower cost) than another country
Comparative Advantage
Compares two countries in terms of two different products: a country has a comparative advantage in a particular product when its opportunity cost for producing it is lower than another country’s
Autarky
A policy of self-reliance, avoiding or minimizing trade and trying to produce everything one needs ( or the most vital things) by oneself
Dumping
The sale of products in foreign markets at prices below the minimum level necessary to make a profit (or below cost)
Breton Woods System
World bank and IMF ; ran the monetary system($$ system of the world or financial)
- led by US
-goals: create a set of institutions to avoid the repeat of 1930s
1.fixed exchange rate system
2. International Monetary Fund
3.Capital Controls
4. Internationals Bank for Reconstruction and Development
Floating exchange rate
- an exchange rate system where a country’s currency price is determined by the foreign exchange market , depending on the relative supply and demand of other currencies
-not restrained by trade limits or govnt controls
Hawley Smoot Tariff
(1930) raised US import duties w/ the goal of protecting American farmers and other industries from foreign competition
- 25 countries responded by increasing their own tariffs on American goods
INTL monetary fund (IMF)
Short-term loans to increase foreign exchange reserves
-each member pays a quota based on GDP
- Member-counties borrow from combined quotas
-loans require approval from Board of Executive Directors
- loans come in slices/ pools of debt w/ associated conditions like maturities, yields, and risks
Special Drawing Rights
A world currency created by the IMF to replace gold as a world standard. Valued by a “basket” of national currencies , the SDR has been called “paper gold”
Money Supply
-total amount of money (cash, coins and balances) in circulation
-issued by Federal Reserve
Soft power
The ability to use carrots , not sticks, to persuade nations to follow
Globalization
increasing integration of the world in terms of communications, culture & economics ex. COVID
Washington Consensus
(1980s) Aka finnicaliszatoin & neoliberalism
-level of agreement between IMF, World Bank , and US Treasury which recommended reforms that increased market forces in exchange for immediate financial help
- free-markets policies supported by Washington-based financial institutions and initially aimed at Latin America
Nixon Shocks
(1971) was a series of economic measures taken by Nixon in response to inflation
- most significant were wage and price freezes, SU charges on imports and cancellation of the direct INTL convertibility of the US dollar to gold
-lead to the collapse of Breton Woods system
Asian economic pandemic
(1997-1998) -sequence of currency devaluations
-started in Thailand when the govnt ended the local currency’s de facto peg to the US dollar after depleting much of the country’s foreign exchange reserves trying to defend it against months of speculative pressure
Great Recession
-econ downturn from 2007-2009 after the bursting of the US housing bubble and the global financial crisis
-most severe econ recession of the US since Great Depression
Gold Standard
A system in INTL monetary relations, prominent for a century before the 1970s, in which the value of national currencies was pegged to the value of gold or other precious metals
Convertible currency
-any nation’s legal tender that can be easily bought or sold on the foreign exchange market w/ little to no restrictions
-highly liquid instrument covered w/ currencies that are tightly controlled by a govnt central bank
Discount rate
The interest rate charged by GOVNT when they lend money to private banks. The discount rate is set by countries central banks
Austerity measures
-harsh economic policies intended to reduce the government’s budget deficit & used with contradictory fiscal policy or govt faces debt default ex: reductions in govnt spending and increase taxes
Keynesianism
-activist monetary (and fiscal) policies to prevent slumps and promote full employment and $$ stability (influence aggregate demand)
Foreign direct investment (FDI)
Purchasing large stake/interest in foreign business direct involvement resulting in transfer of money,knowledge, skills and tech
Multinational corporation (MNC)
In more than 1 country, 25% revenue from foreign operations, centralized management = Boeing, IBM Facebook, Toyota ,Walmart
Transnational corporation
A type of MNC, in several countries, less/no centralized management = CocaCola, MCd, Apple, Citigroup and Starbucks
