Final Exam- Identifications Flashcards
Vertical integration
The consistency, coordination and collaboration across different levels of government
Horizontal integration
The capacity of government departments in charge of different policy issues to work together
International labor organization (ILO)
-1919
-United Nations Agency, whose mandate is to advance social and economic justice by setting intl labor standards
Integration
Process by which supranational institutions come to replace national ones = shifting of sovereignty from national institutions toward regional/global ones.
-adoption of policies by countries as if they were a single political unit
Treaty of Rome
-1957
-the founding doc. of the European Economic Community, now subsumed by the European Union
- created the orgabziations Euratom and EEC
Supranationalism
BEYOND States, decisions by institutions and not governments
-larger institutions and groupings such as the European Union to which state authority or national identity is subordinated
Common Market
A zone in which labor and capital flow freely across borders
Customs union
a common external tariff adopted by members of a free trade area ; that is participating states adopt a unified set of tariffs with regard to goods coming in from outside
EU Social Fund (ESF)
-Europe’s main instrument for supporting jobs, helping people get better jobs and ensuring fairer job opportunities for all EU citizens
United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA)
An free trade agreement between the 3 countries
-supports mutually beneficial trade resulting in freer market which results in robust economic growth
European Union (EU)
the official term for the European Community and associated treaty organizations
-in 2018 it had 28 member states
Intergovernmentalism
National governments make active efforts to integrate
- UN
-slow process
-maybe no real progress toward supranationalism b/c governments do NOT surrender power to organization
Single European Act
-1985
-an act that set a target date of the end of 1992 for the creation of a true common market in the European community
Digital divide
the gap access to information technologies between rich and poor people and between the global North and the global South
Neocolonialism
Big powers use economic ties + culture to maintain structures
Widening
If can go wide can’t go deep
Expanding in who is involved in the organization,
Deepening
Creating more policies and rules internally ex. EU - creating own currency
Collective goods
Something that, once created , becomes freely available to everyone “consumption” by individual doesn’t reduce possibility of other to consume it
Regimes
-provide rules based on the reciprocity principle to govern bargaining over who gets the benefits and bears the costs of enviromental protection
- a possible solution to enviromental collective goods problem
Kyoto Protocol
-a major international treaty on global warming, which entered into effect in 2005 and mandated cuts in carbon emissions; almost all the world’s major countries, except US, were participants
Micro/Macro Paradox
1 farmer produces more = prosperity , many farners produce more = suppky increases so price and profits fall
- expand coverage / Little collateral needed / fast BUT overall no significance
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
the most prominent cartel in the INTL economy; its members control about half the world’s total oil exports, enough to affect the world price of oil significantly
Import Substitution Industrialization
- a strategy to move up the economic development ladder via independence
- start by manufacturing what is currently imported
Structural Adjustment
A set of economic reforms that a country must adhere to in order to secure a loan from the IMF/ World Bank
Montreal Protocol
-phase out ozone-depleting gases
-an agreement on the protection of the ozone layer in which states pledged to reduce and then elminatte use of chlorofluorocarbons; it is the most successful enviromental treaty to date
Biodiversity
-the tremendous diverisity of plant and animal species making up the earth’s ecosystems
Transnational Advocacy Networks (TAN)
Actors working internationally on issue and bound by shared values, common discourse and exchanges of information and services
Enclosure
the splitting of a common area or good into privately owned pieces, giving individual owners an incentive to manage resources responsibily
Youth bulge
Population growth not only affects number of people in country , but also age composition
Demographic transition model
the pattern of falling death rates, followed by falling birthrates, that generally accompanies industrialization and econ development
International labor mobility
-geographical and occupational movement of workers
-movement of workers between countries
-based on the difference in resources between countries
Poverty trap
Lack of capital/credit that prevents escape from poverty
Mono-economies
-an economy mainly dependent on a single product or resource ex. Nigeria with crude oil
North-South gap
The disparity in resources between the instrialized, relatively rich countries of the West and the poorer countries of Africa , the middle east and much of Asia and Latin America
Remittances
money sent home by migrant workers to individuals in their country of origin
Resource curse
-(Paradox of plenty )
-abundance of resources leads to “curse” of corruption (embezzlement) and stagnation, increases exchange rate so hurts other exports (and diversified economy) , even economic contraction
World systems theory
Core(N), Semi-Periphery (SP), Periphery (S)= GLOBAL inequality= unequal exchange, allocation of resources and division of labor across STATES
Decolonization
Open door ideology
Transition away from colonization structures
Frees people from colonial status
Ex French left Vietnam
Dependency
Poor countries are poor to help rich countries because they export good to help rich countries ex. Angola is poor to help surrounding rich countries
New international Economic Order (NIEO)
-1970
-help countries exercise more control over natural resources
-promote economic development among the poor countries through self-help
Grameen Bank
-founded in1983 in Bangladesh
-muhammad Yunus awarded Nobel peace prize in 2006
- microcredit summits starting in 1997 to reach 175 million fams at $1 / day
