Ideas Flashcards
Positives of Advertising
Advertising is a key part of modern business
Companies need to tell customers about their products
Advertisement is a creative industry that employs many people
Without advertising we would have less choice
Without advertising there would be higher unemployment
Advertising is a form of modern art
People enjoy adverts
Negative of Advertising
Advertising manipulates people
It aims to persuade people that buying a product will make them happier
Advertisers focus on selling a brand image
They use glamorous, successful people
We now live in a consumer culture
We are persuaded to follow the latest trend
We are encouraged to associate certain brands with a higher status
Advertisers often aim their marketing at children
Children can easily be influenced by advertisements
Children put pressure on parents to buy them things
Opinions about Advertising
Advertising should be regulated
Advertising aimed at children should be controlled or even banned
Unhealthy foods should not be marketed in a way that attracts children
Products that can be risk to healthy should display warnings
In some countries, it is illegal to advertise cigarettes on television
Warnings must be displayed on cigarette packets
However, advertising is necessary in free market economies
It creates demand for products
governments should only censor false information or products that are harmful
Arguments for Animal testing
Animals are used in important scientific research
It is necessary to do medical tests on new drugs
Animal testing helps to advance medical and scientific knowledge
Many important medical discoveries involved experimentation on animals
Researchers aim to minimize the suffering that animals experience
Testing for the cosmetics industry is now banned in many countries
Arguments against Animal testing
The benefits of research using animals do not justify the suffering caused
There are alternative methods of research
The lives of animals should be respected
Humans have no moral right to do experiments on animals
Arguments for Vegetarianism
Vegetarians do not eat foods that are produced by killing animals
Many people choose a vegetarian diet for moral or health reasons
A healthy diet is possible without eating meat
It is unnecessary to kill animals for food
A vegetarian diet may reduce the risk of disease like cancer
Many people question the treatment of animals in factory farms
Arguments against Vegetarianism
Vegetarians do not eat a balanced diet
In many cultures, meat is the main ingredient in traditional meals
Meat-eaters argue that animals are blow human in the food chain
It is completely natural for us to kill them for food
Our aim should be improve farming methods
Farms should produce organic food
Positives of Zoos
Zoos play an important role in wildlife conservation
They can help to protect endangered species
Zoos allow scientists to study animals and their behavior
Zoos are educational, interesting and fun
Children, in particular, enjoy learning about animals
Zoos provide job opportunities
Negatives of Zoos
Zoo animals are kept in artificial environments
They are kept in cages or have limited space
Zoo animals rely on humans
They lose the freedom to hunt for food
The best way to save endangered species is by protecting natural habitats
Some people believe that zoos are unethical
Zoos exhibits animals with the aim of making money
We have no right to use animals for entertainment and profit
Reasons for Urbanization
People move to cites in search of job opportunities
Cities offer greater employment possibilities and a higher standard of living
People migrate to cities from the countryside
Traditional activities like farming need fewer workers nowadays
Negatives of City life
Life in cities has its drawbacks
The cost of living is higher than in rural areas
Some people do not manage to find work
Housing is usually much more expensive
Homelessness and poverty are common on cities
There is a gap between rich and poor
Life in cities can be extremely stressful
There are problems like traffic congestion and crime
Cities lack a sense of community
People do not even know their neighbor
Cities are sometimes described as “concrete jungles”
Pedestrian Areas ( khu vực đi bộ)
Pedestrian zones in city centre can improve the local environment
Banning cars encourages people to walk or cycle
Many European cities have built bicycle lanes
Dependence on cars is linked to health problems like obesity
People who walk or cycle regularly are generally healthier
Pedestrian areas are safer and more attractive for both residents and tourists
Police and Crime prevention
The job of the polices is to catch criminals
They must also prevent crime and make communities safer
There should be an increase in the number of police officers on the streets
Police officers should be seen as part of the community
They should be involved with education and prevention
The police should be in close contact with schools
They should focus on young people who have dropped out of school
These teenagers may become involved with gangs
Punishments/Prisons
Fines are used as punishment for minor crimes
If the crime is more serious, prison is the most common punishment
Some criminals pose a threat to society
They are put in prison to ensure the safety of other citizens
Negatives of Prisons
Criminals are put together
They make friends with other offenders
Many prisoners re-offend when they are released
A criminal record makes finding a job more difficult
Rehabilitation ( Sự cải tạo )
Another aim of prisons is rehabilitation
Prisoners receive education of vocational training
Prisoners should learn personal skills and specific job skills
Punishment could make prisoners’ behaviour worse
Rehabilitation aims to make them better citizens
Rehabilitated prisoners are less likely to re-offend
Capital punishment (Tử hình)
Supporters say that capital punishment deters crime
Fear of the death penalty stops people from committing offences
The death penalty shows that crime is not tolerated
It is form of revenge
The cost of imprisonment is avoided
The offender cannot pose a threat to others
Against capital punishment
Innocent people could be wrongly convicted and executed
Crime rates are not necessarily reduced
Many criminals do not think they will be caught
Capital punishment is not a good deterrent
Executing prisoners creates a violent culture and encourages revenge
We have no right to take another human life
Community service
Community service is a way to reform offenders/wrongdoer/law-breaker
It could be a solution to prison overcrowding
It avoids the cost of imprisonment
It make offenders useful in their local communities
They are required to clean streets or talk to school groups
Offenders repay their community
They avoid the negative influence that prison can have
Against community service
Community service is not sufficient punishment
Criminals should be locked up, away from their victims
Crime in the media
Crime is one of the main subjects of most new programs
The mass media focus on violent and sensational crimes
This lead to fear to crime among the public
Sensational stories attract more viewers or readers
The media report crime stories in order to increase their audience
Benefits of education
Education gives people knowledge and skills
People with qualification are more likely to find work
They can earn a higher salary
They can contribute positively to society
Schools aim to teach young people moral values such as tolerance and sharing
Schools prepare children to be members of a society
Benefits of studying abroad
Foreign institutions may offer better courses
Many students want to attend a prestigious university
The best universities employ teachers who are experts in their fields
Qualifications gained abroad can open the door to better job opportunities
Living abroad can broaden students’ horizons
Overseas students are exposed to different cultures and customs
They become more independent
They are responsible for cooking, cleaning and paying bills
They will learn a foreign language
Drawback of studying abroad
Living and studying abroad can be difficult
Students have problems with paperwork such as visa applications
The language barrier can be a problem
Students have to find accommodation and pay bills
Studying in a foreign language is challenging
Living alone in an unfamiliar culture can cause homesickness
Technology in education : Advantages
Technology is a powerful tool to engage students
Technology can make lessons much more interesting
Students can do research using online resources
Students can study at their own places
Adults can take distance learning courses
Students can study whenever and wherever they want
Students also learn skills which are useful for their future jobs
For example, they learn to write reports using a word processor
Technology in Education : Disadvantages
People rely too much on computers
Young learners do not become proficient in some basic skills
They use word processors and spelling may suffer
People should be able to write a letter by hand
Technology is no substitute for a real teacher
Learners need a structured course
An experienced teacher knows what material to choose
Computers are expensive to maintain and can be unreliable
Technology in Education : Opinion
Institutions should supplement traditional teaching with the use of technology
Technology is part of everyday life
It can enhance a teacher’s lesson
Students can use online resources to help with homework
Students must still learn to write by hand
They should still use traditional sources of information such as books
Education in developing countries : Problems
Children often have to work from an early age
They are no schools in many areas
Families do not have access to books or computers
Literacy rates are often low
People in developing countries need knowledge and skills
Education is the key to improving the economy of these countries
Education in developing countries : Solutions
Developed countries could help developing nations by providing money
They could invest in schools and technology
They can supply the funds to build schools and pay for teachers
Children need to have access to free schooling
Computer equipment could be donated
The internet can expose students to a world of knowledge and information
Governments should make education compulsory for all children
They should encourage parents to send their children to school
Governments of developed and developing countries must work together
Higher education : Advantages
There are many benefits to going to university
A degree can open the door to better employment prospects
Economies are becoming increasingly knowledge-based
Most jobs require specific knowledge and skills
Skilled workers are needed for sectors such as information technology and engineering
Repetitive manual jobs are now done by machine
Many factories have moved to developing countries
Higher education : Disadvantages
A healthy economy needs a wide range of workers
Some manual workers will always be needed
A university degree is not necessary for many service professions
Practical training is more important in some industries
In the UK, for example, there is currently shortage of plumbers
Their service are therefore becoming more and more expensive
Advantages of home-schooling
Some parents decide to educate their children at home
Some families live in isolated areas with poor transport
Other parents are not satisfied with local schools
Parents can respond to what their children need and how they learn best
One-to-one lessons allow much faster progress
The child can work at his or her own pace
Discipline problems are avoided by home-schooling
Disadvantages of home-schooling
Most parents do not have the time to educate their children at home
One parents would need to give up work
School subject are normally taught by up to ten different teachers
Most parents do not have the necessary knowledge or resources
Private tutor are expensive
Children will miss out on the social experience that school offers
At school, children learn how to get on with each other
Home-schooled children may lack social skills
Schools offer a better overall educational experience
Bad behavior in schools : causes
Bad behavior is due to lack of structure and discipline
There are too many children in some classes
Large classes are difficult to manage
May disruptive students come from an unstable family background
Other parents are used to getting whatever they want
Schools can do very little if they are not supported by parents
Bad behavior in schools : solutions
Schools need a clear code of conduct
Schools need a clear set of rules about behavior
They need to create a positive working atmosphere
Teachers must have the power to punish disruptive students
Schools should remove difficult children from lessons
Schools need to work closely with parents
Discipline could be lacking at home
Parents must support the school rules
They should take responsibility for their children’s behavior
Corporal Punishment (Nhục hình) : Opinion
corporal punishment is not a good idea
Physical punishment is a way of controlling children using fear
This does not promote trust between adults and children
Children who are punished physically may become shy or resentful
Corporal punishment creates an atmosphere of fear and anger
Single sex education : Advantages
Some people believe that male and female students should go to separate schools
This is often for religious or cultural reasons
Discipline problems might be avoided by separating boys and girls
Boys and girls may learn in different ways and have different needs
Students at single sex schools often get better exam grades
Single sex education : Disadvantages
Separating boys and girls is unnecessary
It is unhealthy in terms of children’s social development
Many coeducational schools are extremely successful
A mixed-sex environment is more representative of real life
Coeducational schools provide children with better social skills for adult life
Advantages of Streaming (grouping children according to ability)
Some schools separate students according to their academic ability
Teachers can work at the right speed for their students
Teachers can plan more suitable lessons
High-level groups may progress faster
Lower level groups can benefits from a slower pace
Some teachers and parents support streaming for these reasons
Disadvantages of streaming
Grouping by ability may have a negative impact on students
Children do not want to be seen as less intelligent than others
Streaming could damage students’s self-esteem
They may lose motivation
Students from wealthier families tend to better prepared
Children from poorer families may receive less support from parents
Mixed ability classed encourage everyone to achieve their potential
Environment : Global warming
Gases such as carbon dioxide trap heat from the sun
This causes global temperatures to rise
This process is known as the greenhouse effect
Human activity is a major factor in the rise of the greenhouse gases
Factories and vehicles produce emissions and exhaust fumes
Many developing countries are becoming industrialized
The number of cars on our streets is growing
Cheap air travel is allowing more people to fly
Effects of global warming
Global warming will have a significant impact on our planet
Rising temperature will cause melting of the polar ice caps
Sea levels will rise
We can expect more extreme weather conditions
Flooding and droughts may become more common
Impacts of human on the environment
The increasing world population is putting pressure on natural resources
Fossil fuels like oil and gas are running out
We are destroying wildlife habitats
We have cut down enormous areas of rainforest
This has led to the extinction of many species of animals and plants
Solutions to environment problems
Governments could introduce laws to limit emissions from factories
They should invest in renewable energy from solar, wind or water power
They could impose “green taxes” on drivers and airlines companies
Government campaigns should promote recycling
Natural areas and wild animals should be protected
Individuals should also try to be greener
We should take fewer flights abroad for holidays
We should take public transport rather than driving
We should choose products with less packaging
We should recycle as much as possible
Waste/Rubbish
The amount of waste we produce has increased
This problem is a result of our consumer culture
Products are not made to fast
If something breaks, we throw it way and buy a new one
Advertisers encourage is to buy the newest fashions
Packaging is an important part of selling
Most foods are sold in non-biodegradable plastics packaging
The amount of household waste is growing
This waste ends up in landfill sites
Litter
People do not think about the consequences of dropping rubbish
They assume that somebody is paid to clean the streets
Plastic packaging does not break down easily
Most of the litter seen on streets is fast food packaging
Recycling and other solutions
Companies should make goods that last longer
They should not use so much packaging
Governments should be stricter, about waste produced by companies
They should put legal limits on packaging
Consumers should avoid buying over-packaged products
We should recycle and reuse useful materials
There are collection banks for glass, paper and plastic bottles
Households can use several rubbish bins to separate waste
Recycling saves energy and raw materials
Nuclear power : positives
There are several benefits to build more nuclear power stations
Fossil fuel like oil and gas are running out
Nuclear power is a sustainable energy source
It can be used to produce electricity without wasting natural resources
It could be replace the use of natural resources like coal, oil or gas
Nuclear power stations are cleaner than fossil fuel power stations
They could help to reduce carbon emissions that cause global warming
The risks of accidents are being reduced
Nuclear power : Negatives
Opponents of nuclear power worry about the safety of power stations
The building of new nuclear power stations is unpopular
Nobody wants to live near one
Nuclear waste disposal is a significant problem
There is currently no way to decontaminate radioactive material
People worry that terrorists could steal radioactive materials
It is safer to produce energy from solar, wind or water power
Family size
Families in many countries are not as large as they used to be
We tend to live in small nuclear families rather than extended families
Parents tend to have fewer children
Young children are no longer expected to work
Nowadays both parents often work
It costs so much to much bring children up
It is more difficult to raise a large family
Working parents (also see “gender” topic)
Children and their parents seem to be less close nowadays
Parents spend less time with their children
Women traditionally stayed at home to cook, clean and look after children
Nowadays both parents often work full time
Children may be left alone, or with nannies or babysitters
Busy parents have less contact with their children
Many families no longer eat meals together
Children spend more time with friends or surfing the Internet
Negative effects on Children
The lack of closeness in families can have a negative effect on children
Many parents have no idea how their children spend their time
Friends, television and the Internet become the main influence on children’s behavior
Teenagers are influenced by peer pressure
Some of them joint gangs
Juvenile delinquency is on the increase
Parents should be more involved with their children’s upbringing
Young people need positive role models
Divorce
In the past, divorce was unacceptable
It was considered to be embarrassing for a family
People stayed together for religious or family reasons
Divorce is more socially acceptable nowadays
It has become much more common
Divorce can be extremely stressful
Lone parents may face financial difficulties
Many single parents have to rely on benefits paid by the state
Divorce can have a negative effect on children
Children from single-parent families are more likely to get lower grades or drop out of school
The rise in divorce rates may be connected to some social problems
Care for old people
Caring for elderly people was traditionally the responsibility of families
Adults had to look after their elderly parents
A woman’s job was to stay at home taking care of her family
Nowadays, fewer elderly people are looked after by their relatives
Residential homes provide care for large number of elderly people
Some families are unable to look after elderly relatives
Families tend to be smaller these days, and women often have full-time jobs
Cares homes provide a professional service for senior citizens
Nurses are better trained than family members
Care for old people : Opinion
The best form of care for the elderly depends on the family situation
It depends on whether family members have the time resources
We all have a responsibility towards the older people in our society
Governments should invest money in facilities and training for care workers
Gender and education
Men and women should have access to the same educational opportunities
Males and females should be accepted onto courses according to their abilities
It is wrong to discriminate against students because of their gender
Gender should be irrelevant in education
Students’s achievements should depend on hard work and individual merit
In the UK, there are similar numbers of male and female students in higher education
Gender and work
Men and women should have access to the same professional opportunities
Both man and women should be able to pursue a career
They should earn equal salaries
They should be employed according to their abilities, qualifications and experience
Traditionally women have been restricted to certain roles
They were often employed as secretaries or receptionists
Nowadays, a range of occupation is available to both sexes
Career success depends on individual merit
Women’s and Men’s roles in the Family
Some people argue that a mother should now work
She should stay at home and bring up her children
The father should be the bread winner of the family
Others believe that both parents should share these responsibilities
Working women can take maternity leave during and after pregnancy
Many fathers and mothers share their parenting and domestic responsibilities
They contribute equally to childcare, cooking and cleaning
Some women many have better career prospects than their husbands
Paternity leave and “house husbands” are becoming more common
Traditional gender roles and gradually changing
Families can divide roles and responsibilities in the most convenient way.
Positives of Genetic Engineering
Genetic engineering is the practice of manipulating the genes of an organism
It is used to produce crops that are more resistant to insects and diseases
Some genetically modified crops grow more quickly
Some drugs and vaccines are produced by genetic engineering
It may become possible to change human’s genetic characteristics
Scientists may use genetic engineering to cure diseases
Inherited illnesses would no longer exist
Genes could be changed before a baby is born
It could also be possible to clone human organs
We could all have replacement body part
Humans could live longer, healthier lives
