📝IDEA PARAGRAPHS - The Beginnings Of Change

Question 1

Describe the Renaissance

Answer 1

Late 1400s and began in Italy. It was a period of time where new ideas spread, art developed, new items were invented e.g. gunpowder and there was a more scientific approach to learning involving hypothesises.

Question 2

Why did the Renaissance happen?

Answer 2

Because wealthy merchants payed scholars to investigate ancient ideas and so new ideas were released and spread through the invention of the printing press

Question 3

What’s the significance of the Renaissance?

Answer 3

It shows people were willing to accept more ideas and move forwards therefor question Galen and so others were prepared to accept the ideas of newer medical influencers like William Harvey and his ideas of circulation. This is because the Renaissance was encouraging more people to find their own knowledge and question things.

This makes the church less controlling over medical ideas and people’s lives.

Better artists were significant as dissection diagrams became much more accurate so people gained a better understanding of the anatomy

The printing press was significant as new ideas spread quicker and it also cost less money than hand written books so a wider range of people can afford books and gain knowledge like barber surgeons and apothecaries

Question 4

Describe Vesalius

Who was he and what did he believe?

Answer 4

He was born in 1514 - 1564 and was professor of the university of Padua. He believed that Galen’s drawings of the human body were wrong. He also believed medical students should carry out dissections themselves

Question 5

Explain Vesalius

How did he disagree with Galen?

Answer 5

He is carrying out human dissections rather than animal dissections.

Question 6

Asses Vesalius
How did he influence others?
How did he challenge galens ideas?

Answer 6

He influenced others by showing people Galen was wrong through his book called the fabric of the body. He also showed students and taught them with dissections. His book was influential as illustrations of his book were copied into the English compendiosa which then became the main reference work for barber surgeons. he challenged galens ideas by proving galens illustrations were wrong for e.g. he proved people had 3 breast bones instead of 7 by dissecting humans and not animals

Question 7

Describe Harvey

Who was he and what did he do?

Answer 7

Harvey was active between 1578 - 1657 and he discovered blood circulated constantly around the body through the heart.

Question 8

Explain Harvey

How did he do what he did?

Answer 8

He did this by performing dissection if human hearts and he pumped liquid the wrong way through valves where they shut proving blood circulated one way. He also would have read about vesalius’ work and he observed hearts beating in cold blooded animals.

Question 9

Asses Harvey
How was he challenging galens ideas and how did people react?
How was his discovery significant later in surgery?

Answer 9

Galen believed blood was produced by the liver and was being burned like a fuel but Harvey disagreed and said blood was constantly being circulated instead. Students and recent medical graduates accepted what he was saying showing there are people who completely disagree with the four humours but others still agreed with Galen. His discovery was significant in later surgery as people realised that if the body is circulating blood, bloodletting is to have a negative effect and people realised that of the body always has the same blood, they were able to advance with successful blood transfusions

Question 10

Describe paré

Who was he and what did he do?

Answer 10

From 1510-1590, paré discovered rose oil, egg white and turpentine cauterised wounds better than a hot iron and he used ligatures to tie off the veins rather than cauterisation

Question 11

Explain how paré did what he did

Answer 11

He was able to make achievements as he was on the battlefield and so dealt with injury on a daily basis allowing him to learn

Question 12

Assess paré
How did he influence others?
How were his methods significant in later surgery?

Answer 12

He was influential because he translated Vesalius’ books into French which circulated all over Europe and he made a book based on Vesalius’ called works in surgery in 1575. Influential as it was widely read by English surgeons in its french language and a handwritten English version was in the library of barber surgeons in 1591. Later in surgery, his methods were used as another battlefield surgeon (described paré as the ‘famous surgeon master’ and he wrote about stopping bleeding from gunshot wounds in his book proved practice in 1588

Question 13

Describe medical treatments in the 17th and 18th century

Who provided medical treatments and what were they?

Answer 13

Provided by barber surgeons, apothecaries who would use medicines and potions, wise women who used things like honey to prevent infection and willow trees to dull pain, trained doctors who used traditional methods like bloodletting and quacks who made people pay them for medicines that didn’t work

Question 14

Explain medical treatments in the 17th and 18th century

What new treatments were available?

Answer 14

• Military surgeon jhon woodhall discovered lemons and limes to treat scurvy in 1617.
• Opium from turkey was used as anaesthetic
• malaria remedy by finding Quine from the bark of a cinchona tree from South America

Question 15

Asses medical treatments in the 17th and 18th century
What was the significance of medical treatments being published
How did quacks have a negative impact on the medical profession?

Answer 15

Medical treatments being published were significant as a lot of them were moving away from galens ideas and more involved people doing their own research.
Quacks made medical professionals look bad at doing their job and they caused people to build a mistrust for them because quacks stole people’s money

Question 16

Describe the great plague

What was it and when did it happen?

Answer 16

It was a re merging of the Black Death in 1655 where 100,000 died in London

Question 17

Why did people think the great plague happen?

Answer 17

• That it was a punishment from god
• that it was due to the movement of poisonous air
• it wed because of dirt as pekoe realised the most sick were in the poorest and dirtiest parts of the city

Question 18

asses the great plague
How did they deal with it and how does this compare to the black death?
How did the plague end?

Answer 18

They dealt with the plague as the rich moved away from the city, some people were bled with leeches, red crosses were put in victims doors and graves had to be at least 6 feet deep. This shows people have a greater understanding on the spread of disease as more beneficial things are being done to prevent the plague spread. The plague ended due to the rays developing a greater resistance to the disease so the fleas did t need to find a human host and after 1666 quarantine laws stopped epidemic disease coming into the country on ships

Question 19

Describe 18th century hospitals

Who built hospitals and what type of hospitals were there?

Answer 19

• Built by Henry eight, the rich paid for a lot of them, in 1724 there were only 3 in LND but 5 new ones were built a little later
• types: st Luke’s hospital was for the mentally, they had maternity hospitals and London’s lock hospital for veneral disease

Question 20

Explain 18th century hospitals

Why were monasteries no longer running hospitals?

Answer 20

Monasteries used to pay for hospitals but when Henry eighth split from the church he seized the church’s wealth which meant hospitals were forced to close and became privately owned

Question 21

Asses 18th century hospitals

What did hospitals now do that medieval hospitals had not and how

Answer 21

• used modern methods as fewer people thought of illness as a result of sin and used more scientific methods and evidence based approach
• had wards for different disease showed understanding of diseases spreading and recognised different diseases had to be treated differently

Doctors developed with help from hospitals as:

• doctors were examined and they could do dissections on criminal bodies
• royal college of surgeons and physicians was set up
• students worked under experienced physicians and in 1858 in charity general medical council set up and all qualified doctors had to register.

Question 22

Describe John hunter

Who was he and what did he do?

Answer 22

• Surgeon to king George III in 1776 and surgeon to general army in 1770
• wrote a book in 1771 called natural history of the teeth and in 1786 the book of veneral disease
• put the idea that gunshot wounds were poisonous to rest

Question 23

Explain John hunter

How did he gain access to so much knowledge of the human body

Answer 23

• He had 3000 stuffed or dried animals, plants fossils, diseased organs, embryos and a 2.3m skeleton in 1783
• he inflated blood vessels to study blood vessels

Question 24

Asses John hunter
How did his methods of observation mean that medical knowledge and understanding was developed?
Why did his ideas gain respect compared to those of Vesalius and Harvey

Answer 24

-he demanded carful observation I’m surgery. In 1767 he experimented on himself by injecting gonorrhoea. In 1785 he tied of a mans aneurism instead of amputating his leg. He was able to do this due to careful observation as he gained lots of knowledge and was able to put his knowledge into practise

In 1783 he moved into a larger house were he could teach students and pass in knowledge
And he opened a museum so he could show people his proof of knowledge. This made the public less sacred of new discoveries and accept newer ideas

Question 25

Describe Edward Jenner

Who was he and what did he do?

Answer 25

Between late 1700s and early 1800s. He was a physician and created the small pox vaccine and transformed how people how protected against smallpox as people used to be inoculated

Question 26

Explain Edward Jenner

Where were his ideas coming from?

Answer 26

Small pox was the biggest killer in 1700s. He heard milkmaids who caught cowpox didn’t get smallpox so in 1776 he gave an 8 yr old boy cow pox then smallpox inoculation and 6 weeks later the boy had no reaction to the smallpox

Question 27

Asses Edward Jenner
Why did he face opposition?
What was the impact of his discovery?

Answer 27

After he published his findings in 1979 many didn’t agree with him as:
he was a fashionable city doctor so snobbery was against him, he couldn’t explain how it worked so people found it hard to accept, doctors were profiting from inoculation and didn’t want to loose money.

In the end his idea were accepted:

• Members of the royal family were vaccinated and parliament gave him a research grant of £10,000 in 1802
• more people were surviving immunisation
• British government made vaccination compulsory in 1753 and in 1980 smallpox was declared eradicated by the W.H.O