IDA Flashcards
What is gender bias?
Used to suggest that a persons views are distorted in some ways due to their gender.
What is universality?
It can apply to all people, irrespective of gender and culture.
What is androcentric?
Being centred on or dominated by makes or their view point
What is gynocentric?
Refers to anything that focuses on women in either theory or practice or focuses exclusively on female or feminist views
What is alpha gender bias?
Refers to theories which exaggerate the difference between males and females
What is beta gender bias?
Theories have traditionally ignored or minimalised. These theories often assume that the findings from males can apply equally to females
Who said there was two types of gender bias?
Hare-mustin and Mareek(1988)
What can psychology do about gender bias?
Ensuring that research methods are not bias and include women
Recognising that certain theories are outdated in terms of their understanding of gender
Continuing to embrace women studying psychology as an academic discipline as they bring different outlooks
Highlighting that sometimes gender bias can work against males too
What is cultural bias?
General term for the tendency to judge people in terms of one own cultural assumption
What is the opposite of culture bias?
Universality
What is the etic approach?
From outside the culture they are studying and is seen as unique
What is the emic approach?
Researches from within a culture and is said to be unique
What is ethnocentricism?
When someone is biased as they see the world only from their own cultural perspective and believing that this one perspective is both normal and correct.
What is cultural relativism ?
Account for people’s beliefs values and practices of a specific culture when you are designing research.
What can psychology do about culture bias?
By amplifying, and validating stereotypes.
Recognise when it occurs
Increased understanding of other cultures on a personal and professional level
Progress in the field of diagnosing mental disorders
Who came up with the emic and etic approach?
John Berry
What is the evidence that psychology can ensure in their research methods to include women in gender bias?
Worrel at al conducted a study and he used different techniques to include women and their personal lives
Why is it important that research methods include women in psychology?
Will give full representativeness and the population validity will be high
What evidence can be suggested when psychology needs to recognise that theories on gender bias is outdated?
Fight or flight response was tested on males only due to women having more hormones . Taylor et all challenged this and said women have tend and befriend. Before this the stress response wasn’t really understood.
Why is recognising that theories in gender bias are out dated important?
It will lack validity without realising the limitations
What evidence can be shown when psychology needs to continue to embrace women in studying psychology?
80% of women study psychology as a degree but only 30% of women go on to be professors. It has been argued that women give a different viewpoint and perspective
Why is it important that that psychology continues to embrace women in psychology?
Psychology must embrace both genders, if not it will lack temporal validity
What is Determinism?
A view that free will is an illusion, and that our behaviour is governed by internal or external forces over which we have no control.
What is Hard determinism?
The view that forces outside of our control (e.g. biology or past experiences) shape our behaviour. Hard determinism is seen as incompatible with free will.
What is biological determinism?
That all human behaviour is innate and determined by genes.
What is environmental determinism?
Our behaviour is caused by previous experiences learned through classical and operant conditioning.
What is psychic determinism?
That human behaviour is the result of childhood experiences and innate drives.
What approaches are examples of Hard determinism?
Biological approach
Psychodynamic
Behaviourist
What are the examples of soft determinism?
Cognitive Approach
Social learning theory
What approach is an example of free will?
Humanistic Approach
What is a causal relationship?
Seeks to discover whether X causes Y or whether the independent variable causes changes in the dependent variable.
What are the strengths of determinism?
Consistent with the laws of science
How is consistent laws of science a strength for determinism?
It provides applicable evidence to everyday life
What is evidence that consistent with the laws of science is a strength of determinism?
The notion of human behaviour is orderly and obeys laws means that psychology can be considered extremely scientific. Because of this, research into prediction and control of human behaviour can have beneficial implications
Why is consistent with the laws of science is a strength?
Because the research has led to the development of treatments, therapies, and behavioural interventions that have benefited many e.g. psychotherapeutic drug treatment in controlling and managing schizophrenia
What are the weaknesses of determinism?
Is that we all have free will
Arguing for a middle stance of soft determinism
What approaches are Nature in the Nature vs nurture debate?
Biological and psychodynamic
What are the approaches that are purely nurture?
Behaviourism and Humanism
What is an interactionist?
Where they are not nature but also not nurture
What approaches are interactionism?
Cognitive
What is Holism?
People should be studied as a whole system
What is reductionism?
The belief that human behaviour can be explained by breaking it down into simpler component parts
What is the rule of parsimony?
The idea that a complex phenomena should be explained in the simplest terms possible
What are the levels of explanation?
several levels of explanation are necessary to explain a particular behaviour, ranging from lower (biological) to higher levels (culture and social).
What are the positives of the holism vs reductionism?
Scientists are drawn to reductionist explanation as a method of research
Both biological and environmental reductionism viewed as scientific
What are the negatives of the holism vs reductionism debate?
Some psychologists argue that biological reductionism can lead to errors of understanding because it ignores the complexity of human behaviour.
Holistic explanation attempts to blend different levels of explanation
What does nomothetic mean?
Psychologists who take a nomothetic approach are concerned with establishing general laws based on the study of large groups of people.
What does idiographic mean?
Psychologists who take am idiographic approach focus on the individual and emphasise the unique personal experience of human nature
What are the weaknesses to the idiographic approach?
Unable to produce general laws or predictions about human behaviour
What are the strengths of the idiographic approach?
Emphasising the evidence based nature of their descriptions and conclusions
A case study method is too powerful
What are the strengths of the nomothetic approach?
Considered as generally scientific
Useful for predicting and controlling behaviour
What is a weakness of the nomothetic approach?
Loses sight of the ‘whole person’
Who conducted the socially sensitive research?
Sieber and Stanley (1988)
What are the four aspects in the scientific research process that raise ethical implications in socially sensitive research?
The reasearch question
The methodology used
The institutional Context
Interpretation and application of findings
How is the researcher question raise ethical implications in socially sensitive research?
The researchers must consider their research question carefully. Asking questions like ‘are their racially differences in IQ?’ May be damaging to members of a particular group
How can the methodology used be socially sensitive research?
The researchers need to consider the treatment of the participants and their right to confidentiality and anonymity
How is the institutional context socially sensitive research?
The reasearcher should be mindful of how the data is going to be used and consider who is funding research. If the research is funded by a private institution or organisation, why are they funding the research and how do they intend to use the findings?
How is interpretation and application of findings socially sensitive research?
The researchers needs to consider how their findings might be interpreted and applied in the real world. Could their data or results be used to inform policy?
What are the evaluation points for Ethical implications?
- The current ethical guidelines may be too limited
- One way of dealing with the social sensitivity is to avoid certain research
- There are benefits of conducting socially sensitive research
- There are ways of reducing the chance of socially sensitive research
