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ICS first midterm > ICS first midterm > Flashcards

ICS first midterm Flashcards

1
Q

mass communication

A

When a source, typically an organization, employs a technology as a medium to communicate with a large audience.

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2
Q

mediated communication

A

Communication between a few or many people that employ a technology as a medium

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3
Q

third-person effect

A

The idea that “media affect others, but not me”

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4
Q

ontology

A

The nature of reality, what is knowable

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5
Q

epistemology

A

How knowledge is created and expanded

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6
Q

axiology

A

The proper role of values in research and theory building

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7
Q

mass society theory

A

Perspective on Western, industrial society that attributes an influential but often negative role to media

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8
Q

limited-effects theory

A

View of the media as having little ability to directly influence people. The dominant effect of media is to reinforce existing social trends and strengthen the status quo

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9
Q

reductionism

A

Reducing complex communication processes and social phenomena to little more than narrow propositions generated from small scale investigations

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10
Q

postpositivist theory

A

Theory based on empirical observation guided by the scientific method

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11
Q

cultural criticism

A

Collection of perspectives concerned with the cultural disputes and the ways communication perpetuates domination of one group over another

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12
Q

meaning-making theory

A

Meaning-making theory, also known as sense-making theory, is a framework in communication and psychology that explores how individuals and groups create meaning from their experiences, especially in situations that may be ambiguous, uncertain, or challenging. This theory posits that human beings are active sense-makers who construct and interpret the world around them through a process of assigning meaning to events, information, and experiences. Meaning-making is a fundamental aspect of human cognition and communication.

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13
Q

social responsibility theory

A

A normative theory that substitutes media industry and public responsibility for total media freedom on the one hand and for external control on the other

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14
Q

radical Libertarianism

A

The absolute belief in Libertarianism’s faith in a good and rational public and totally unregulated media

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15
Q

technocratic control

A

Direct regulation of media, most often by government agency or commission

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16
Q

marketplace of ideas

A

In Libertarianism, the notion that all ideas should be put before the public, and the public will choose the best from that “marketplace”

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17
Q

authoritarian theory

A

A normative theory that places all forms of communication under the control of a governing elite or authorities

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18
Q

Contemporary gatekeepers

A

Strategic professionals, Journalists, Individual amateurs and Algorithms

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19
Q

Super users

A

Individuals who have a lot of followers, thus having an influence, especially on social media platforms.

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20
Q

Priming

A

It refers to the idea that media coverage can influence how people evaluate political leaders, issues, or events by highlighting specific aspects or attributes. When the media repeatedly emphasize certain characteristics or aspects of a topic, it can affect the way the public views that topic

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21
Q

certainty effect

A

a reduction of the probability of an outcome by a constant factor has more impact when the outcome was initially certain than when it was merely probable

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22
Q

The prospect theory

A

Prospect theory assumes that losses and gains are valued differently, and thus individuals make decisions based on perceived gains instead of perceived losses.

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23
Q

loss-aversion theory

A

which states that when presented with two choices (both with same probabilities), one of which emphasizes possible gains, while the other emphasizes possible losses, the former choice will be preferred

24
Q

social cues

A

In frame analysis, information in the environment that signals a shift or change of action

25
Q

primary, or dominant, reality

A

In frame analysis, the real world in which people and events obey certain conventional and widely accepted rules (sometimes referred to as the dominant reality)

26
Q

news reality frames

A

News accounts in which interested elites involve journalists in the construction of news drama that blurs underlying contextual realities

27
Q

The bandwagon effect

A

people follow something that is already effective or popular, trying to fit in with a successful group. For example, reporting preliminary election results, where you can see that one or two parties are the most popular ones, this may affect the people who haven’t decided who to vote for yet.

28
Q

Accumulation

A

about repetition of messages

29
Q

Consonance

A

all the media show similar messages

30
Q

Cognitive effect

A

media influences citizens’ perception of reality.

31
Q

Intermedia agenda building

A

media outlets influence one another (publishers look what the other publishers are releasing to not miss an important topic that will only be covered by opposing publishers)

32
Q

Generic frames

A

frames focusing on general topics or events (e.g. strategic game frame or economic consequences frame)

33
Q

Thematic frame

A

Issue trends/numbers, circumstances

34
Q

Sensationalism

A

refers to those content features that are able to provoke attention or arousal responses in viewers.

35
Q

Vividness

A

information that is emotionally interesting, imagery-provoking and proximatre in a sensory, temporal or spatial way.

36
Q

Embedded sensationalism

A

When non-sensational topics are presented in a sensational context. For example, a story about governmental elections in which time is dedicated to the corrupt past of one of the candidates.

37
Q

Distorian bias

A

occurs because news media focuses on presenting extraordinary events, something interesting and unique and not the norm

38
Q

Limited Capacity Model of Mediated Message Processing (LC4MP)

A

LC4MP states that television viewing involves the continuous allocation of a limited pool of resources to the cognitive processing of the message. This process includes the simultaneously performed tasks of encoding, storage, and retrieval. Some of this allocation of resources we control ourselves, but some attention is provoked by external factors. Sensationalism is able to evoke allocation of message processing.

39
Q

Balance as bias

A

When opposing opinions get equal amounts of coverage in the media, because journalists want to portray both points of view. Experts and non-experts are given the same amount of attention. This can reinforce misinformation spread as have happened with global warming.

40
Q

Gray propaganda

A

Transmission of information or ideas that might or might not be false. No effort is made to determine their validity

41
Q

Continued Influence Effect

A

A phenomena, when corrections do not backfire, people often still cling to misinformation in the face of a retraction

42
Q

Familiarity backfire effect

A

Is when refutations make the myth or false information more familiar, thus developing a stronger relationship with it.

43
Q

Overkill backfire effect

A

When the refutations are over complicated. For example, researchers have found that asking people to generate a few arguments for why their belief may be wrong was successful in changing a belief, whereas generating many counterarguments reinforced the belief.

44
Q

Worldview backfire effect

A

When the retraction conflicts with a person’s worldview, thus having a backfire effect.

45
Q

motivated skepticism

A

Basically, people tend to be skeptical of information which conflicts with their worldview

46
Q

Belief polarization

A

Then two people presented with the same information form two different opinions. For example, when presented with supporting and opposing information about the death penalty, participants rated arguments that confirmed their own beliefs to be more convincing and consequently strengthened prior beliefs.

47
Q

Correction strategies to retract misinformation

A
  1. Explicitly warning people to put them cognitively on-guard
  2. Repeating and strengthening retractions.
  3. Corrections should provide an alternative explanation that fills the gap created by the retraction. Explaining the causal chains of the initial report, why the misinformation is thought to be true as well as the motivation behind the misinformation.
    The retraction/refutation must not be more complicted than the misinformation.
48
Q

cognitive consistency

A

The idea that people consciously and unconsciously work to preserve their existing views

49
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

Information that is inconsistent with a person’s already-held attitudes creates psychological discomfort, or dissonance

50
Q

selective processes

A

Exposure (attention), retention, and perception; psychological processes designed to reduce dissonance. this includes selective exposure, selective retention and selective perception.

51
Q

selective exposure

A

The idea that people tend to expose themselves to messages that are consistent with their preexisting attitudes and beliefs

52
Q

selective retention

A

The idea that people tend to remember best and longest those messages that are most meaningful to them

53
Q

selective perception

A

The idea that people will alter the meaning of messages so they become consistent with preexisting attitudes and beliefs

54
Q

News Values by Harcup & O’Neill

A
  1. Exclusivity
  2. Bad news
  3. Conflict
  4. Surprise
  5. Audio-visuals
  6. Shareability
  7. Entertainment
  8. Drama
  9. Follow-up
  10. The power elite
  11. Magnitude
  12. Celebrity
  13. Good news
  14. News organization’s agenda
55
Q

Communication

A

the relational process of creating and interpreting messages
that elicit a response.

56
Q

Mediatization

A

the way that other institutions adjust to the logic of the media
institution: you need to play the game by the media’s rules.

57
Q
A

ICS first midterm (4 decks)

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