icing and runway incursions Flashcards
Runway Incursion
A Runway Incursion is any occurrence at an aerodrome involving the incorrect presence of an aircraft, vehicle, or person on the protected area of a surface designated for the landing and takeoff of aircraft. Communication, airport knowledge, cockpit procedure lead to runway incursion.
Hotspot
runway safety related problem complex or confusing taxiway or taxiway intersections. A spot that has had issues with runway incursions in the past
Runway excursion
overrun of the runway surface. Landing and not stopping on time or veering off the runway
EMAS
slows an aircraft down if overrunning occurs
2 types of icing
Structural and induction
Structural
visible moisture at the freezing level. 0 degrees Celsius. Flying through rain or clouds. We lose 2 degrees per 1000 feet.
Clear icing
glossy, clear, or translucent ice. Formed by slow freezing of water. Warmer temperature, higher water, content, and larger droplets. Hits the aircraft spreads out then freezes. Warmer than -10c
Rime
rough, milk, and opaque ice formed by the instantaneous freezing of small supercooled water droplets. Colder than -15c. Colder temps, lower water content, smaller droplets. Hit the leading edge of the wing then freeze.
Mixed
mix of clear and Rime ice. Due to variations of water contents, temperature, and water droplet size. Between -15 and -10 c
Reporting icing
Whenever reporting ice you say the type and the intensity
Ice intensity. AIM 7-1-19
Trace-less than ¼ inch per hour
Light- ¼- 1 inch per hour
Moderate- 1-3 inches per hour
Severe- more than 3 inches per hour
Induction ice
Carb icing, intake, and impact icing
Carburetor ice
develops a low pressure than creates a rapid decrease in temperature. Below 70F or 21C and the humidity is above 80%. Can occur as high as 100F and humidity as low as 50%. Restrict the flow of mixture, the engine can stop. Carb heat,warms up the air and gets rid of the icing. The power output will decrease, less air is getting to the engine because warm air isn’t as dense as cold air. Enriches the mixture, really shouldn’t be used while at full power
Intake and impact icing
ice forms on the intake. Decrease of rpm and you turn on the alternate air. The air is coming from a different source a heated source
Stratiform clouds
Rime and mixed icing. Horizontal clouds so climb if you come in contact
Cumuliform clouds
Big vertical small horizontal. Clear and mixed ice and rime at the upper levels because its colder and smaller droplets. Lower level larger droplets.
Anti-icing
prevents icing from formation
De-icing
gets rid of ice that has already formed
Icing formation
forms on the smaller parts of the plane. Leading edge and wing root for example
De-icing boots
leading edge is rubber. Inflates and breaks the ice
Weeping wings
uses small holes located in the leading edge of the wing to prevent the formation and buildup of ice. An antifreeze solution is pumped to the leading edge and weeps out through the holes
Bleed air
The hot air is bled off from the aircraft’s engines and fed through to all the critical surfaces of the plane. Bleed air is also used to heat the engine intakes to prevent ice from forming, accumulating, breaking loose, and being ingested by the engine, which could damage it.
Frost
when an outside surface cools past the dew point. The dew point is the point where the air gets so cold, the water vapor in the atmosphere turns into liquid. This liquid freezes. If it gets cold enough, little bits of ice, or frost, form. The ice is arranged in the form of ice. Temperature and dewpoint below freezing crystals. Temperature and dewpoint below freezing.
Frost effects
disrupt the airflow the flows over the wing. Frost snow and ice formed on wind with the thickness of sandpaper can decrease lift about 30% and increase drag by 40%
Freezing rain
deep cold layer, deep warm layer, then deep cold layer
Hale
updrafts and downdrafts rain eventually freezes and can’t escape the updraft repeatedly until its thick enough to fall through the updraft and escapes
Anvil cloud
don’t fly under because of the hale. Completely avoid it