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Senior Year > IBWT Hitler Vocab > Flashcards

IBWT Hitler Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Paul von Hindenburg

A

2nd Pres of Weimar Republic; impressive military career; appointed Hitler Chancellor

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2
Q

Heinrich Himmler

A

German Nazi politician, police administrator, and military commander; participated in Beer Hall Putsch, rose through Nazi ranks; head of SS, created CC Dachau

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3
Q

Hermann Göring

A

Took part in Beer Hall Putsch; In charge of SA; had significant power in the Reichstag; established the Gestapo and many concentration camps; Hitler’s most loyal supporter

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4
Q

Joseph Goebbels

A

Minister of propaganda; Nazi admin in Berlin; newspaper editor

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5
Q

Ernst Röhm

A

Army officer and chief of SA (Brown shirts); feared as a rival by Hitler; murdered on Hitler’s orders

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6
Q

Erwin Rommel

A

German field marshal and general; known for leadership and training tactics; commander of troops guarding Fuhrer HQ, armored troops, then Afrika Korps

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7
Q

Martin Niemoller

A

prominent German anti-Nazi theologian and pastor, founder of the Confessing Church (Bekennende Kirche) and a president of the World Council of Churches; outspoken against Nazis and violence; held in concentration camps; famous quote

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8
Q

Clemens August von Galen

A

Roman Catholic bishop of Münster, Germany, who was noted for his public opposition to Nazism; disenchanted by anti-Catholic propaganda and racism; vehemently spoke out against Nazi policies; was not killed!

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9
Q

Dietrich Bonhoeffer

A

German Protestant theologian important for his support of ecumenism (global Christian unity) and his view of Christianity’s role in a secular world; plot to overthrow Adolf Hitler led to his imprisonment and execution

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10
Q

White Rose group

A

German anti-Nazi group; advocated nonviolent resistance; student-based; youthful idealism with an impressive knowledge of German literature and Christian religious teachings; students published their beliefs in a series of leaflets under the name “the White Rose”

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11
Q

The Edelweiss Pirates

A

loosely organized opposition group; response to the strict regimentation of the Hitler Youth; evaded the Hitler Youth by leaving school; highly antagonistic to the Hitler Youth, ambushing their patrols and taking great pride in beating them up; groups also collected propaganda leaflets dropped by Allied aircraft and pushed them through letterboxes

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12
Q

Claus von Stauffenberg

A

German army officer who, as the chief conspirator of the July Plot, carried out an unsuccessful attempt to assassinate Adolf Hitler; became disillusioned with Hitler due to his own injuries and treatment of Jews and Slavs; executed as a result of failure

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13
Q

Confessional Church

A

movement for revival within the German Protestant churches that developed during the 1930s in resistance to Hitler’s efforts to make church a propaganda tool

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14
Q

Pope Pius XI

A

Pope from 1922-1939; made agreements with Mussolini and Hitler; eventually began to protest against these leaders, specifically racial/violent policies

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15
Q

Reparations

A

Reparations were levied on the Central Powers after World War I to compensate the Allies for some of their war costs; established through ToV; detrimental to German economy; took 92 years to pay off

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16
Q

Weimar Republic

A

1919 to 1933; surrendered from WW1; led by Friedrich Ebert; President, Chancellor, Reichsrat and Reichstag; struggled to be effective

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17
Q

Spartacus Rising ( 1919)

A

armed uprising in Berlin in January 1919; power struggle between the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) led by Ebert, (social democracy), and the Communist Party of Germany (KPD), led by Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg; improvised, small scale, quickly squashed by gov’t and paramilitary in “Bloody Week”; led to creation of Weimar constitution

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18
Q

Twenty-Five Points (1920)

A

program for the creation of a Nazi state and society; presented at Hofbräuhaus Beerhall in Munich; xtreme nationalism, racial antisemitism, and socialist concepts with German outrage; rejection of ToV;

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19
Q

Kapp Putsch (1920)

A

coup d’état that attempted to overthrow the Weimar Republic; Reactionary politician Wolfgang Kapp (1858–1922) formed a government with Erich Ludendorff, fled to Southern Germany to establish new gov’t; gov’t failed due to general strikes

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20
Q

Beer Hall Putsch (1923)

A

abortive attempt by Adolf Hitler and Erich Ludendorff to start an insurrection; Along with hundreds of armed paramilitary Brownshirts (SA), they marched on a meeting at the Bürgerbräukeller (beer cellar) where they seized Kahr, Lossow, and Munich police chief Hans, Ritter von Seisser; Their armed procession through Munich on the following day ended as they were met with police ; Hitler (and others involved) was arrested

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21
Q

Mein Kampf

A

Written during Hitler’s imprisonment after Beer Hall Putsch; became the bible of National Socialism (Nazism) in Germany’s Third Reich

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22
Q

Hyper-Inflation Crisis (1923)

A

Extreme hyperinflation; German Mark was virtually worthless; the exchange rate between the dollar and the Mark was one trillion Marks to one dollar, and a wheelbarrow full of money would not even buy a newspaper

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23
Q

Dawes Plan (1924)

A

arrangement for Germany’s payment of reparations after World War I; prescribed balanced budget and stable currency; arranged payments and loaned Germany money; generally seen as successful at the time

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24
Q

Sturmabteilung (SA)

A

early membership largely from the Freikorps; protected party meetings, marched in Nazi rallies, and physically assaulted political opponents; under Ernst Rohm it grew significantly; suffered as Hitler consolidated power and turned to SS; brown-shirts

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25
Q

Schutzstaffel (SS)

A

black-uniformed elite corps and self-described “political soldiers”; headed by Heinrich Himmler; purged the SA during the Night of Long Knives; SS became responsible to Hitler alone

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26
Q

Fuhrerprinzip

A

Leader Principle; the word of the Führer is above all written law, and that government policies, decisions, and offices all work towards the realisation of the will of the Führer; total dictatorship for Hitler

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27
Q

Article 48

A

allowed the German president to declare a state of emergency in Germany in times of national danger and to rule as a dictator for short periods of time. After the Reichstag Fire of 1933, Hitler would rely upon the precedent of Article 48 to pass the Enabling Act, which gave him truly unlimited dictatorial powers

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28
Q

Hitler becomes Chancellor (1933)

A

Former chancellor Franz von Papen and other conservative leaders convinced President Paul von Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as chancellor on 30 January 1933. the Reichstag fire passed the Enabling Act of 1933. When Pres vonh Hindenburg died, Hitler succeeded him

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29
Q

Reichstag Fire (1933)

A

the German parliament (Reichstag) building burned down; Nazis blamed Communists; said that legislation needed to be passed to control this, removing constitutional protections

30
Q

Enabling Act (1933)

A

allowed the Reich government to issue laws without the consent of Germany’s parliament; allowing for complete dictatorship

31
Q

Night of Long Knives (1934)

A

purge of Nazi leaders by Adolf Hitler on June 30, 1934; SS attacked SA; Ernst Rohm and hundreds of others

32
Q

Army swears oath to Hitler after Hindenburg’s death (1934)

A

after Hindenburg’s death, Army swore loyalty directly to Hitler as opposed to the nation as a whole; this became law in 1935

33
Q

Gleichschaltung (co-ordination)

A

internal consolidation of power to remake Germany as a Nazi state; German political, social, and cultural life were rearranged to serve Nazi goals

34
Q

Trade Union Ban (1933)

A

all Trade Unions were closed down, their headquarters and records were seized, and their leaders attacked and imprisoned; German workers were forced to join a German Labour Front

35
Q

All policial parties banned (except Nazi Party) (1933)

A

established the Nazi Party (NSDAP) as the only legal political party in Germany; imprisoned supporters or founders of other parties

36
Q

Gestapo

A

political police; ruthlessly eliminated opposition to the Nazis within Germany and its occupied territories; responsible for round-up of Jews; under Hermann Goring then Himmler;

37
Q

Concentration Camps

A

range of purposes, including forced labor, detention of people thought to be enemies of the state, and for mass murder; originally designed for political enemies; multiple types of camps for different groups; imprisoned include homosexuals, Roma (gypsies), disabled people, communists, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Jews, etc

38
Q

Death Camps

A

A type of camp associated with concentration camps but with the purpose of exterminating large swaths of people; included mass shootings, gas chambers, etc.; mostly used for killing Jews though also used to euthanize disabled people

39
Q

Autarky

A

an entirely self-sufficient nation; very limited or no trade; believed that it would bring stability, an end to unemployment, and success to Germany

40
Q

Wehrwirtschaft

A

translated as military economy; keep the economy and the military in a state of or prepared for war at all times to stimulate thee economy

41
Q

Four year Plan (1936-1939)

A

series of economic measures; Hermann Goring in charge; provide for the rearmament of Germany, and to prepare the country for self-sufficiency in four years; disregarded ToV

42
Q

Construction of the Autobahn

A

reduced unemployment; connected country, developed German identity; military access; federal controlled highway system

43
Q

Aryan Race

A

false Nazi notion that glorified the German people as members of the “Aryan race”; Nineteenth-century European scholars used the term Aryan to identify the Indo-European or Indo-Germanic peoples who settled throughout India, Persia (Iran), and Europe thousands of years earlier; did not refer to a race of people initially

44
Q

Creation of German Labour Front (1933)

A

(DAF) national labour organization of the Nazi Party, which replaced the various independent trade unions in Germany; DAF also represented the employers and professionals; aim was not to protect workers but “to create a true social and productive community of all Germans” and “to see that every single individual should be able to perform the maximum of work.

45
Q

Volksgemeinschaft

A

a racially unified and hierarchically organized body in which the interests of individuals would be strictly subordinate to those of the nation, or Volk; the natural unit of mankind was the Volk, of which the German was the greatest, and the state existed only to serve the Volk; “required the purification of this group”

46
Q

Kinder, Kirche und Küche

A

Children, Kitchen, and Church; used to describe the “proper” woman’s place in German society

47
Q

Wannsee Conference

A

January 20, 1942, 15 high-ranking Nazi Party and German government officials gathered at a villa in the Berlin suburb of Wannsee to discuss and coordinate the implementation of what they called the “Final Solution of the Jewish Question”; discussed implementation of mass murder

48
Q

Marriage Loans

A

Instituted in 1933, they were offered to newlywed couples in the form of vouchers for household goods, initially on the condition that the woman stopped working; reduced by a quarter for every child produced

49
Q

Nuremberg Laws (1935)

A

The Reich Citizenship Law
and The Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor; targeted non-Aryans and Jews in particular; defined Jews as a separate race giving them no rights and banned “race-mixing” through inter-racial marriages or sexual relations between Jews and Germans

50
Q

Kristallnacht

A

November 9–10, 1938, Nazi leaders unleashed a series of pogroms against the Jewish population in Germany and territories; known as The Night of Broken Glass due to vandalism and destruction of Jewish-owned businesses, synagogues, and homes

51
Q

Reichskirche/ Reich Church

A

German Evangelical Church; successor to the German Protestant Church Confederation from 1933 until 1945; In 1934, the German Evangelical Church suffered controversies and internal struggles which left member churches either detached or reorganised into German Christians-led dioceses of what was to become a single, unified Reich Church compatible with Nazi ideology for all of Nazi Germany

52
Q

Reichskonkordat (1933)

A

treaty negotiated between the Vatican and the emergent Nazi Germany; Signed by Pope Pius XII on behalf of Pope Pius XI; guaranteed the rights of the Catholic Church in Germany but limited them to purely religious functions; could not have any political affiliations

53
Q

Hitler Youth

A

Nazi-organized youth movement; separate boys and girls sections; came after Ban on all other youth groups; indoctrination; Enthusiasm, peer pressure, and coercion led to a significant increase in membership; no Jewish people could join; incorporated into the SA;

54
Q

Blitzkrieg

A

lightning war; military tactic calculated to create psychological shock and resultant disorganization in enemy forces through the employment of surprise, speed, and superiority in matériel or firepower; Prussian tactic; tested during the Spanish Civil War; combination of land and air attacks with success thanks to radio

55
Q

1925 Locarno Treaties

A

series of agreements whereby Germany, France, Belgium, Great Britain, and Italy mutually guaranteed peace in western Europe; solidified borders; agreement to defend one another in case of attack; led to Allied troops removal from the Rhineland 5 years early

56
Q

1928 - Kellogg-Briand Pact

A

agreement to outlaw war signed on August 27, 1928; sometimes called the Pact of Paris; nearly all the nations of the world eventually subscribed to the Kellogg-Briand Pact; ended up entirely ineffective

57
Q

1935 - Stresa Pact

A

coalition of France, Britain, and Italy formed in April 1935 at Stresa, Italy, to oppose Hitler’s announced intention to rearm Germany; dissolved due to Mussolini changing alliances

58
Q

Anti-Comintern Pact (1936)

A

anti-Communist pact concluded between Nazi Germany and Japan on 25 November 1936 and was directed against the Communist International (Comintern); others joined during WWII; initially Anti-Soviet but Germany would later change this alliance

59
Q

1936-1939 Intervention in Spanish Civil War

A

commenced with the outbreak of war in July 1936, with Adolf Hitler immediately sending in air and armored units to assist General Francisco Franco and his Nationalist forces; served as a testing ground for German military technology and tactics; could only do so much due to scrutiny

60
Q

1936 Rome Berlin Axis

A

Coalition formed in 1936 between Italy and Germany; an agreement formulated by Italy’s foreign minister Galeazzo Ciano informally linking the two fascist countries was reached on October 25, 1936; formalized by the Pact of Steel in 1939

61
Q

Anschluss (1938)

A

the incorporation of Austria into Nazi Germany; part of the propaganda used in 1938 by Nazi Germany to create the impression that the union was not coerced

62
Q

Sudeten Crisis (1938)

A

northern part of Czechoslovakia; summer of 1938 Hitler demanded the annexation of the Sudetenland into Germany and threatened war; allies ceded the Sudetenland to Germany in exchange for peace

63
Q

Invasion of Czechoslovakia (1939)

A

Hitler would go on to invade the rest of Czechoslovakia after acquiring the Sudetenland; directly violated the Munich pact; took advantage of unstable Czechoslovakian government

64
Q

Munich Conference

A

permitted the annexation of the Sudetenland by Germany in exchange for a pledge of peace from Hitler; involved U.K., France, Germany, and Italy

65
Q

1939 - Pact of Steel

A

Alliance between Germany and Italy; signed by Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini on May 22, 1939, it formalized the 1936 Rome-Berlin Axis agreement, linking the two countries politically and militarily

66
Q

Nazi-Soviet Pact (1939)

A

Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact; paved the way for Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union to invade and occupy Poland; agreed to spheres of influence in exchange for cooperation and pledge not to attack one another for 10 years; Hitler goes on to attack USSR 2 years later :/

67
Q

Invasion of Poland (1939)

A

September 1, 1939, German forces launched a surprise attack on Poland; this triggers Great Britain and France to declare war on Germany thus beginning WWII; Poland is defeated

68
Q

Tripartite Pact - 1940

A

agreement concluded by Germany, Italy, and Japan on September 27, 1940, one year after the start of World War II; created a defense alliance; largely intended to deter the US from entering the conflict

69
Q

Battle of Britain (1940-1941)

A

the successful defense of Great Britain against unremitting and destructive air raids conducted by the German air force (Luftwaffe) from July through September 1940, after the fall of France

70
Q

Operation Barbarossa (1941-1943)

A

Germany’s invasion of the Soviet Union; launched on June 22, 1941; failure of German troops to defeat Soviet forces in the campaign signaled a crucial turning point in the war

71
Q

Lebensraum

A

policy of Nazi Germany that involved expanding German territories to the east to provide land and material resources for the German people, while driving out Jewish and Slavic people; “Living space”

Senior Year (4 decks)

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