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Dentistry Year 1 Term 2 > Ian Illingworth > Flashcards

Ian Illingworth Flashcards

1
Q

What does the hepatic vein do

A

Carries deoxygenated blood to inferior vena cava

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2
Q

What do the left and right hepatic ducts do

A

Drain bile into the common hepatic duct

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3
Q

What does the hepatic portal vein do

A

Carries blood from spleen and GI tract to liver

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4
Q

What does the hepatic artery do

A

Carries oxygenated blood to liver from heart

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5
Q

What is the duct from gall bladder to common hepatic duct

A

Cystic duct

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6
Q

What are the exocrine hormones secreted by the liver

What do they do

A

Somatomedin- growth factor
Angiotensinogen- pre cursor to angiotensin which increases blood pressure
Thrombopoetin- platelet production
Hepcidins- blocks iron release

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7
Q

What is the exocrine function of the live

A

Produces and secretes bile into small intestine via common hepatic duct

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8
Q

Outline the metabolic function of the liver in terms of carbohydrates

A

Glycogenesis stimulated by insulin

Glycogenolysis stimulated by glucagon

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9
Q

Outline lipolysis in the liver

A

Lipids absorbed within chylomicron in small intestine are exocytosed and travel through lactiles to thoracic duct to liver where lipids broken down into fatty acids by lipolysis

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10
Q

Which lipids are synthesised in the liver

3

A

Lipoproteins
Phospholipids
Cholesterol

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11
Q

What proteins are synthesised in the liver

5

A 
Clotting factors 
Carrier proteins
Immune system proteins 
Albumin
Amino acids
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12
Q

Which vitamins does the liver store
5

Which minerals does the liver store
2

A

A, D, E, K, B12

Iron
Copper

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13
Q

How long are vitamins A and B12 stored in liver

A

Up to 4 years

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14
Q

How does the liver detoxify ammonia

3

A

Ammonia produced in intestines
Travels to liver by hepatic portal vein for ornthine cycle
Urea taken time kidneys through circulation

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15
Q

How does the liver detoxify ethanol

A

Alchohol dehydrogenase converts ethanol to acetaldehyde

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16
Q

How does the liver detoxify drugs

A

Cytochrome P450 enzymes

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17
Q

What are the phases of digestion and what occurs at each phase and when does each stage happen

A

Cephalic phase- when food is seen, smelled or thought about- vagus nerve stimulates pancreatic secretions in preperation for digestion

Gastric phase- when food eaten- digestion in stomach stimulates pancreatic secretions

Intestinal phase- when food digested- presence of H+, amino acids and fatty acids stimulates CCK and secretin which stimulate pancreatic secretions

Secretions inhibited- somatostatin and decreasing chyme macronutrients

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18
Q

What substances are secreted by acinar cells of pancrease and how do they ease digestion
3

A

Zymogen granules: contain digestive enzymes
Sodium ions: water levels in duodenum increase by osmosis
Bicarbonate: increases pH of chyme as enzymes in duodenum need higher pH

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19
Q

Where does bile from common hepatic duct drain into when sphincter of oddi relaxed

A

Duodenum

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20
Q

Where does bile from common hepatic duct drain into when sphincter of oddi contracted

A

Gall bladder via cystic duct

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21
Q

What does CCK stimulate in the hepatobillary system

2

A

Gall bladder contraction

Sphincter of oddi relaxation

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22
Q

What component of bile gives it its colour

A

Bilirubin

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23
Q

What do bile salts do

What do phospholipids do

A

Emulsifies fats

Soulubises bile salts

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24
Q

What does red pulp of spleen do

What does white pulp of spleen do

A

Stores blood in case of haemorrhage , filters blood and removes defective red blood cells

Contains lymphoid tissue that produces antibodies and removes antibody coated bacteria or cells

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25
What structures are at level of C3
Hyoid bone | Bifurcation of common carotid artery
26
Where is the larynx
C4-C6
27
Where is thyroid cartilage
C4
28
Where is the isthmus of thyroid gland
C6
29
What nerve innervates anterior belly of digastric
Mandibular nerve
30
What nerve innervates posterior belly of digastric
Facial nerve
31
What nerve innervates sternomastoid
Accessory nerve
32
What nerve innervates trapezius
Accessory nerve
33
What nerve innervates omohyoid
C1-C3
34
What are the triangles of the anterior neck triangles | 4
Submental Submandibular Carotid Muscular
35
What is the borders of the anterior triangle
Lower border of mandible Midline of neck Sternomastoid
36
What are the borders of the submental triangle | 4
Body of hyoid bone Anterior belly digastric Midline of neck Lower border of mandible
37
What are the contents of submental triangle | 5
``` Mylohyoid nerve Lymph glands Submental lymph nodes Submental branch of facial artery Submental branch of facial vein ```
38
What are the borders of the submandibular triangle | 3
Lower border of mandible Anterior belly digastric Posterior belly digastric
39
What are the contents of the submandibular triangle | 8
``` Submandibular gland Submandibular lymph nodes External carotid artery Internal carotid artery Facial artery Facial vein Hypoglossal nerve Facial nerve ```
40
What are the borders of the carotid triangle | 3
Sternomastoid Omohyoid Posterior belly digastric
41
What are the contents of the carotid triangle | 7
``` Common carotid artery Internal carotid artery External carotid artery Internal jugular vein External jugular vein Hypoglossal nerve Vagus nerve ```
42
What are the borders of the muscular triangle of the neck | 3
Midline of neck Omohyoid Sternomastoid
43
What are the contents of the muscular triangle of neck | 7
``` Common carotid artery Internal carotid artery External carotid artery Internal jugular vein Vagus nerve Hypoglossal nerve Accessory nerve ```
44
What are the functions of the lymph node | 2
Filtration | Antigen presentation
45
What is the predominant cell in the paracortex of the lymph node
T cells
46
What is the predominant cell type in the cortex of the lymph node 2
Macrophages | Plasma cells
47
What is the primary cell type in secondary lymphoid follicle
B cells
48
Where does the left deep cervical chain of lymph nodes drain into
Thoracic duct to left internal and subclavian veins
49
Where does the deep cervivchain of lymph nodes drain into on the right side
Right lymphatic trunk | Drains into right internal or subclavian vein
50
What are the superficial lymph nodes | 10
``` Submental Submandibular Maxillary Buccinator Supra mandibular Parotid Pre auricular Mastoid Occipital Superior cervical ```
51
What are the deep lymph nodes | 3
Superior node of deep cervical chain Middle node of deep cervical chain Inferior node of deep cervical chain
52
What are the special lymph nodes of the neck | 2
Jugulodigastric | Jugulomohyoid
53
Where does submental lymph node drain lymph from | 3
Lower lip Floor of mouth Apex of tongue
54
Where does the submandibular lymph node drain lymph from | 6
``` Cheeks Lateral nose Gingivae Anterior tongue Submental node Facial nodes ```
55
Where does the facial lymph nodes drain lymph from
Mucous membranes of the nose, cheek, eye
56
Where does the parotid lymph nodes drain lymph from | 5
``` Nose Nasal cavity External auditory meatus Tympanic cavity Lower border of orbit ```
57
Where does the pre auricular node drain lymph from
Superficial areas of face and temporal regions
58
Where does the mastoid lymph node drain lymph from | 3
Posterior neck Upper ear External auditory meatus
59
Where does the occipital lymph node drain lymph from
Occipital area of scalp
60
Where does the superficial cervical lymph node drain lymph from
Superficial surface of neck
61
Where does the jugulodigastric lymph node drain lymph from | 3
Tonsils Mucosa Submandibular lymph nodes
62
Where does jugulo omohyoid lymph node drain from
Tongue
63
How is the lymph of lower incisors drained
Bilateraly to submental nodes to submandibular nodes to jugulo omohyoid node
64
How is lymph of upper teeth, lower canines premolars and molars drained
Unilateral drainage to submandibular lymph nodes | To jugulo omohyoid node
65
What are the trigeminal nuclei, where are they located and what do they govern
Midbrain: mesenecephalic nucleus- proprioception Pons: Chief sensory nucleus- discriminative touch Motor nucleus- muscles of mastication Medulla: Spinal nucleus- pain and temperature
66
What is the pathway of fibres of mesenecephallic nucleus
Leave nucleus at midbrain Supply mandibular nerve Through foramen ovale
67
What is the pathway of fibres of Chris sensory nucleus
Leave nucleus at pons Branch and supply ophthalmic nerve through superior orbital fissure, maxillary nerve through foramen rotundum , mandibular nerve through foramen ovale
68
What is the pathway of fibres of the motor nucleus
Leave nucleus at pons Supply mandibular nerve Travel through foramen ovale
69
What is the pathway of fibres of spinal nerve
Branch and supply ophthalmic nerve through superior orbital fissure, maxillary nerve through foramen rotundum, mandibular nerve through foramen ovale
70
Which muscles depress the mandible | 3
Mylohyoid Digastric muscle Lateral pterygoid
71
Which muscles elevate mandible | 3
Medial pterygoid Massater Temporalis
72
Where do afferent and efferent fibres of muscle spindles insert
Afferent- intrafusal fibres | Efferent- intrafusal and extrafusal
73
What do pacinian corpuscles detect
Pressure using stretch mediated sodium channels
74
What are the properties of masticatory muscles | 5
Short contraction time Many muscle spindles Elevators predominantly white fibres performing fast twitching Do not get fatigued easily Psychological stress increases activity of elevators
75
What are the stages of the chewing cycle | 3
Jaw opening phase Jaw closing phase Power stroke/intercuspal phase
76
What happens during jaw opening phase of chewing cycle
Lateral pterygoid, digastric and mylohyoid muscles contract to depress mandible Jaw opens to working side
77
What happens during jaw closing phase of chewing cycle
Massater, temporalis and medial pterygoid contract
78
What happens during the power stroke of chewing cycle
Medial pterygoid muscle contracts to crush food between teeth Buccal phase- lower teeth move inward and upward from first contact to intercuspation Lingual phase- lower teeth move medialy and downward along palatal cusp of upper teeth
79
What happens during jaw jerk reflex | 3
Tapping chin sends impulses to motor nucleus via mesenocephallic nucleus Fibres synapse in motor nucleus and send out efferent motor impulses Elevation of mandible in monosynaptic reflex
80
What happens during jaw opening reflex | 3
Teeth coming into contact with hard object initiates mechanical or electrical stimulation of lips, oral mucosa or teeth Motor neurones to elevation muscles inhibited Jaw opens
81
What happens during the unloading reflex | 3
Material between jaws suddenly breaks which is detected by pressure receptors in periodontal ligament Massateric activity inhibited and digastric activity increases Jaw prevented from closing forcefully to protect teeth from sudden occlusal load
82
What are the stages of enamel caries | 4
Sub microscopic lesion White spot lesion Cavity formation Bacterial invasion
83
What are the porosity zones of enamel caries | 3
Surface zone Body of lesion Dark zone Translucent zone
84
What happens at the surface zone of enamel caries and how is this zone protected
Zone remaining in tact during early caries due to mineralisation from deeper ions diffusing out, remineralisation from ions caught in the pellicle, remineralisation from ions in saliva
85
What occurs at the body of lesion in enamel caries
Greatest demineralisation area
86
What happens any the dark zone of enamel caries
Enamel doesn’t transmit polarised light so appears dark
87
When is the translucent zone present and what happens in translucent zone
Occurs in progressive lesion | Submicroscopic pores
88
``` What are the pore volumes of Normal enamel Surface zone Body of lesion Dark zone Translucent zone ```
``` 0.1% 1% 5-25% 2-4% 1% ```
89
What are the stages of caries progression into dentine | 5
Non bacterial pre cavitation Migration of pioneer bacteria along tubules Distortion of tubules by expanding masses of bacteria Breakdown of intervening matrix forming liquefaction foci Progressive disintegration of tissue
90
What are the carious zones in dentine | 5
``` Zone of destruction Zone of bacterial invasion Zone of demineralisation Sclerotic zone Tertiary dentine ```
91
What happens at zone of destruction | What colour is it
Area of liquified dentine called liquefaction foci than may contain dentine cracks called transverse clefts Soft and yellow to harder and brown Can be removed using excevator
92
What happens in zone of bacterial invasion
Dentine tubules invaded with bacteria which produces acid and decalcifies dentine Removed with slow speed bur
93
What happens in zone of demineralisation of dentine
No bacteria present just the acid they produce which can stain dentine
94
What happens in sclerotic zone of dentine
Minerals are deposited to block dentine tubules from acid stimuli which may form dead tracts
95
What happens in tertiary dentine zone
Reactionary dentine produced by existing odontoblasts | Reparitive dentine produced by new odontoblasts
96
What happens at the dentine pulp complex during caries
Inflammatory response causing neutrophils, lymphocytes and macrophages to move to area and increase pulp vascularisation
97
What shape is an occlusal fissure cavity What shape are smooth surface caries
Mushroom Conical
98
# Define erosion Define abrasion Define abfraction Define attrition
Chemical breakdown of tooth structure Loss of tooth tissue from frictional wear by extrinsic agents Loss of tooth structure in cervical region of tooth crown Frictional tooth wear by tooth to tooth contact
99
How does vertical adjustment take place
Tooth will lay down secondary cementum to erupt tooth further
100
What are the triangles within the posterior triangle of the neck 2
Occipital | Supraclavicular
101
What are the borders of the posterior triangle | 3
Trapezius Sternomastoid Omohyoid
102
What are the borders of the occipital triangle | 3
Sternomastoid Trapezius Inferior belly omohyoid
103
What is the contents of the occipital triangle | 3
Accessory nerve Cervical plexus branches Supraclavicular nerve
104
What are the borders of supraclavicular triangle | 2
Inferior belly omohyoid | Sternomastoid
105
What is the contents of the supraclavicular triangle | 4
Subclavian artery Brachial plexus trunks Nerve to subclavius Lymph nodes

Dentistry Year 1 Term 2 (5 decks)

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