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Dentistry Year 1 Term 2 > Ian Illingworth > Flashcards

Ian Illingworth Flashcards

1
Q

What does the hepatic vein do

A

Carries deoxygenated blood to inferior vena cava

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2
Q

What do the left and right hepatic ducts do

A

Drain bile into the common hepatic duct

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3
Q

What does the hepatic portal vein do

A

Carries blood from spleen and GI tract to liver

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4
Q

What does the hepatic artery do

A

Carries oxygenated blood to liver from heart

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5
Q

What is the duct from gall bladder to common hepatic duct

A

Cystic duct

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6
Q

What are the exocrine hormones secreted by the liver

What do they do

A

Somatomedin- growth factor
Angiotensinogen- pre cursor to angiotensin which increases blood pressure
Thrombopoetin- platelet production
Hepcidins- blocks iron release

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7
Q

What is the exocrine function of the live

A

Produces and secretes bile into small intestine via common hepatic duct

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8
Q

Outline the metabolic function of the liver in terms of carbohydrates

A

Glycogenesis stimulated by insulin

Glycogenolysis stimulated by glucagon

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9
Q

Outline lipolysis in the liver

A

Lipids absorbed within chylomicron in small intestine are exocytosed and travel through lactiles to thoracic duct to liver where lipids broken down into fatty acids by lipolysis

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10
Q

Which lipids are synthesised in the liver

3

A

Lipoproteins
Phospholipids
Cholesterol

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11
Q

What proteins are synthesised in the liver

5

A 
Clotting factors 
Carrier proteins
Immune system proteins 
Albumin
Amino acids
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12
Q

Which vitamins does the liver store
5

Which minerals does the liver store
2

A

A, D, E, K, B12

Iron
Copper

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13
Q

How long are vitamins A and B12 stored in liver

A

Up to 4 years

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14
Q

How does the liver detoxify ammonia

3

A

Ammonia produced in intestines
Travels to liver by hepatic portal vein for ornthine cycle
Urea taken time kidneys through circulation

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15
Q

How does the liver detoxify ethanol

A

Alchohol dehydrogenase converts ethanol to acetaldehyde

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16
Q

How does the liver detoxify drugs

A

Cytochrome P450 enzymes

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17
Q

What are the phases of digestion and what occurs at each phase and when does each stage happen

A

Cephalic phase- when food is seen, smelled or thought about- vagus nerve stimulates pancreatic secretions in preperation for digestion

Gastric phase- when food eaten- digestion in stomach stimulates pancreatic secretions

Intestinal phase- when food digested- presence of H+, amino acids and fatty acids stimulates CCK and secretin which stimulate pancreatic secretions

Secretions inhibited- somatostatin and decreasing chyme macronutrients

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18
Q

What substances are secreted by acinar cells of pancrease and how do they ease digestion
3

A

Zymogen granules: contain digestive enzymes
Sodium ions: water levels in duodenum increase by osmosis
Bicarbonate: increases pH of chyme as enzymes in duodenum need higher pH

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19
Q

Where does bile from common hepatic duct drain into when sphincter of oddi relaxed

A

Duodenum

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20
Q

Where does bile from common hepatic duct drain into when sphincter of oddi contracted

A

Gall bladder via cystic duct

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21
Q

What does CCK stimulate in the hepatobillary system

2

A

Gall bladder contraction

Sphincter of oddi relaxation

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22
Q

What component of bile gives it its colour

A

Bilirubin

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23
Q

What do bile salts do

What do phospholipids do

A

Emulsifies fats

Soulubises bile salts

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24
Q

What does red pulp of spleen do

What does white pulp of spleen do

A

Stores blood in case of haemorrhage , filters blood and removes defective red blood cells

Contains lymphoid tissue that produces antibodies and removes antibody coated bacteria or cells

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25
Q

What structures are at level of C3

A

Hyoid bone

Bifurcation of common carotid artery

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26
Q

Where is the larynx

A

C4-C6

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27
Q

Where is thyroid cartilage

A

C4

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28
Q

Where is the isthmus of thyroid gland

A

C6

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29
Q

What nerve innervates anterior belly of digastric

A

Mandibular nerve

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30
Q

What nerve innervates posterior belly of digastric

A

Facial nerve

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31
Q

What nerve innervates sternomastoid

A

Accessory nerve

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32
Q

What nerve innervates trapezius

A

Accessory nerve

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33
Q

What nerve innervates omohyoid

A

C1-C3

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34
Q

What are the triangles of the anterior neck triangles

4

A

Submental
Submandibular
Carotid
Muscular

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35
Q

What is the borders of the anterior triangle

A

Lower border of mandible
Midline of neck
Sternomastoid

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36
Q

What are the borders of the submental triangle

4

A

Body of hyoid bone
Anterior belly digastric
Midline of neck
Lower border of mandible

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37
Q

What are the contents of submental triangle

5

A 
Mylohyoid nerve
Lymph glands 
Submental lymph nodes
Submental branch of facial artery 
Submental branch of facial vein
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38
Q

What are the borders of the submandibular triangle

3

A

Lower border of mandible
Anterior belly digastric
Posterior belly digastric

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39
Q

What are the contents of the submandibular triangle

8

A 
Submandibular gland
Submandibular lymph nodes
External carotid artery 
Internal carotid artery 
Facial artery
Facial vein
Hypoglossal nerve
Facial nerve
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40
Q

What are the borders of the carotid triangle

3

A

Sternomastoid
Omohyoid
Posterior belly digastric

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41
Q

What are the contents of the carotid triangle

7

A 
Common carotid artery
Internal carotid artery
External carotid artery
Internal jugular vein
External jugular vein
Hypoglossal nerve
Vagus nerve
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42
Q

What are the borders of the muscular triangle of the neck

3

A

Midline of neck
Omohyoid
Sternomastoid

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43
Q

What are the contents of the muscular triangle of neck

7

A 
Common carotid artery 
Internal carotid artery
External carotid artery 
Internal jugular vein
Vagus nerve
Hypoglossal nerve 
Accessory nerve
44
Q

What are the functions of the lymph node

2

A

Filtration

Antigen presentation

45
Q

What is the predominant cell in the paracortex of the lymph node

A

T cells

46
Q

What is the predominant cell type in the cortex of the lymph node
2

A

Macrophages

Plasma cells

47
Q

What is the primary cell type in secondary lymphoid follicle

A

B cells

48
Q

Where does the left deep cervical chain of lymph nodes drain into

A

Thoracic duct to left internal and subclavian veins

49
Q

Where does the deep cervivchain of lymph nodes drain into on the right side

A

Right lymphatic trunk

Drains into right internal or subclavian vein

50
Q

What are the superficial lymph nodes

10

A 
Submental 
Submandibular 
Maxillary 
Buccinator
Supra mandibular 
Parotid
Pre auricular
Mastoid 
Occipital 
Superior cervical
51
Q

What are the deep lymph nodes

3

A

Superior node of deep cervical chain
Middle node of deep cervical chain
Inferior node of deep cervical chain

52
Q

What are the special lymph nodes of the neck

2

A

Jugulodigastric

Jugulomohyoid

53
Q

Where does submental lymph node drain lymph from

3

A

Lower lip
Floor of mouth
Apex of tongue

54
Q

Where does the submandibular lymph node drain lymph from

6

A 
Cheeks
Lateral nose
Gingivae
Anterior tongue 
Submental node
Facial nodes
55
Q

Where does the facial lymph nodes drain lymph from

A

Mucous membranes of the nose, cheek, eye

56
Q

Where does the parotid lymph nodes drain lymph from

5

A 
Nose
Nasal cavity 
External auditory meatus 
Tympanic cavity
Lower border of orbit
57
Q

Where does the pre auricular node drain lymph from

A

Superficial areas of face and temporal regions

58
Q

Where does the mastoid lymph node drain lymph from

3

A

Posterior neck
Upper ear
External auditory meatus

59
Q

Where does the occipital lymph node drain lymph from

A

Occipital area of scalp

60
Q

Where does the superficial cervical lymph node drain lymph from

A

Superficial surface of neck

61
Q

Where does the jugulodigastric lymph node drain lymph from

3

A

Tonsils
Mucosa
Submandibular lymph nodes

62
Q

Where does jugulo omohyoid lymph node drain from

A

Tongue

63
Q

How is the lymph of lower incisors drained

A

Bilateraly to submental nodes to submandibular nodes to jugulo omohyoid node

64
Q

How is lymph of upper teeth, lower canines premolars and molars drained

A

Unilateral drainage to submandibular lymph nodes

To jugulo omohyoid node

65
Q

What are the trigeminal nuclei, where are they located and what do they govern

A

Midbrain:
mesenecephalic nucleus- proprioception

Pons:
Chief sensory nucleus- discriminative touch
Motor nucleus- muscles of mastication

Medulla:
Spinal nucleus- pain and temperature

66
Q

What is the pathway of fibres of mesenecephallic nucleus

A

Leave nucleus at midbrain
Supply mandibular nerve
Through foramen ovale

67
Q

What is the pathway of fibres of Chris sensory nucleus

A

Leave nucleus at pons
Branch and supply ophthalmic nerve through superior orbital fissure, maxillary nerve through foramen rotundum , mandibular nerve through foramen ovale

68
Q

What is the pathway of fibres of the motor nucleus

A

Leave nucleus at pons
Supply mandibular nerve
Travel through foramen ovale

69
Q

What is the pathway of fibres of spinal nerve

A

Branch and supply ophthalmic nerve through superior orbital fissure, maxillary nerve through foramen rotundum, mandibular nerve through foramen ovale

70
Q

Which muscles depress the mandible

3

A

Mylohyoid
Digastric muscle
Lateral pterygoid

71
Q

Which muscles elevate mandible

3

A

Medial pterygoid
Massater
Temporalis

72
Q

Where do afferent and efferent fibres of muscle spindles insert

A

Afferent- intrafusal fibres

Efferent- intrafusal and extrafusal

73
Q

What do pacinian corpuscles detect

A

Pressure using stretch mediated sodium channels

74
Q

What are the properties of masticatory muscles

5

A

Short contraction time
Many muscle spindles
Elevators predominantly white fibres performing fast twitching
Do not get fatigued easily
Psychological stress increases activity of elevators

75
Q

What are the stages of the chewing cycle

3

A

Jaw opening phase
Jaw closing phase
Power stroke/intercuspal phase

76
Q

What happens during jaw opening phase of chewing cycle

A

Lateral pterygoid, digastric and mylohyoid muscles contract to depress mandible
Jaw opens to working side

77
Q

What happens during jaw closing phase of chewing cycle

A

Massater, temporalis and medial pterygoid contract

78
Q

What happens during the power stroke of chewing cycle

A

Medial pterygoid muscle contracts to crush food between teeth
Buccal phase- lower teeth move inward and upward from first contact to intercuspation
Lingual phase- lower teeth move medialy and downward along palatal cusp of upper teeth

79
Q

What happens during jaw jerk reflex

3

A

Tapping chin sends impulses to motor nucleus via mesenocephallic nucleus
Fibres synapse in motor nucleus and send out efferent motor impulses
Elevation of mandible in monosynaptic reflex

80
Q

What happens during jaw opening reflex

3

A

Teeth coming into contact with hard object initiates mechanical or electrical stimulation of lips, oral mucosa or teeth
Motor neurones to elevation muscles inhibited
Jaw opens

81
Q

What happens during the unloading reflex

3

A

Material between jaws suddenly breaks which is detected by pressure receptors in periodontal ligament
Massateric activity inhibited and digastric activity increases
Jaw prevented from closing forcefully to protect teeth from sudden occlusal load

82
Q

What are the stages of enamel caries

4

A

Sub microscopic lesion
White spot lesion
Cavity formation
Bacterial invasion

83
Q

What are the porosity zones of enamel caries

3

A

Surface zone
Body of lesion
Dark zone
Translucent zone

84
Q

What happens at the surface zone of enamel caries and how is this zone protected

A

Zone remaining in tact during early caries due to mineralisation from deeper ions diffusing out, remineralisation from ions caught in the pellicle, remineralisation from ions in saliva

85
Q

What occurs at the body of lesion in enamel caries

A

Greatest demineralisation area

86
Q

What happens any the dark zone of enamel caries

A

Enamel doesn’t transmit polarised light so appears dark

87
Q

When is the translucent zone present and what happens in translucent zone

A

Occurs in progressive lesion

Submicroscopic pores

88
Q 
What are the pore volumes of
Normal enamel
Surface zone
Body of lesion
Dark zone
Translucent zone
A 
0.1%
1%
5-25%
2-4%
1%
89
Q

What are the stages of caries progression into dentine

5

A

Non bacterial pre cavitation
Migration of pioneer bacteria along tubules
Distortion of tubules by expanding masses of bacteria
Breakdown of intervening matrix forming liquefaction foci
Progressive disintegration of tissue

90
Q

What are the carious zones in dentine

5

A 
Zone of destruction 
Zone of bacterial invasion
Zone of demineralisation 
Sclerotic zone
Tertiary dentine
91
Q

What happens at zone of destruction

What colour is it

A

Area of liquified dentine called liquefaction foci than may contain dentine cracks called transverse clefts
Soft and yellow to harder and brown
Can be removed using excevator

92
Q

What happens in zone of bacterial invasion

A

Dentine tubules invaded with bacteria which produces acid and decalcifies dentine
Removed with slow speed bur

93
Q

What happens in zone of demineralisation of dentine

A

No bacteria present just the acid they produce which can stain dentine

94
Q

What happens in sclerotic zone of dentine

A

Minerals are deposited to block dentine tubules from acid stimuli which may form dead tracts

95
Q

What happens in tertiary dentine zone

A

Reactionary dentine produced by existing odontoblasts

Reparitive dentine produced by new odontoblasts

96
Q

What happens at the dentine pulp complex during caries

A

Inflammatory response causing neutrophils, lymphocytes and macrophages to move to area and increase pulp vascularisation

97
Q

What shape is an occlusal fissure cavity

What shape are smooth surface caries

A

Mushroom

Conical

98
Q

Define erosion

Define abrasion

Define abfraction

Define attrition

A

Chemical breakdown of tooth structure

Loss of tooth tissue from frictional wear by extrinsic agents

Loss of tooth structure in cervical region of tooth crown

Frictional tooth wear by tooth to tooth contact

99
Q

How does vertical adjustment take place

A

Tooth will lay down secondary cementum to erupt tooth further

100
Q

What are the triangles within the posterior triangle of the neck
2

A

Occipital

Supraclavicular

101
Q

What are the borders of the posterior triangle

3

A

Trapezius
Sternomastoid
Omohyoid

102
Q

What are the borders of the occipital triangle

3

A

Sternomastoid
Trapezius
Inferior belly omohyoid

103
Q

What is the contents of the occipital triangle

3

A

Accessory nerve
Cervical plexus branches
Supraclavicular nerve

104
Q

What are the borders of supraclavicular triangle

2

A

Inferior belly omohyoid

Sternomastoid

105
Q

What is the contents of the supraclavicular triangle

4

A

Subclavian artery
Brachial plexus trunks
Nerve to subclavius
Lymph nodes

Dentistry Year 1 Term 2 (5 decks)

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