Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Dentistry Year 1 Term 2 > Hamid Hassan > Flashcards

Hamid Hassan Flashcards

1
Q

The salivary glands are exocrine merocrine glands, define exocrine and merocrine

A

Exocrine: secrete products through ducts opening onto epithelium
Merocrine: no part of cell lost during secretion by using vesicles and exocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What type of fibres stimulate salivary secretion

A

Parasympathetic reflexes

Sympathetic stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the acini

A

Secretory unit producing saliva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the pathway of the salivary gland and cell types throughout

A

Acinar cells cluster around lumen
Lumen empties into intercalated duct lined with simple cuboidal epithelium
Empties into striated duct of simple columnar
Empties into excretory duct of stratified cuboidal
Empties into collecting duct of stratified cuboidal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the difference in staining of serous and mucous acinar

A

Serious have basophilic secretory vesicles around lumen and are acidic so stain purple with HandE

Mucous stain paler with h and e

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are myoepithelial cells

A

Epithelial cells with muscular features that lie between basal lamina and basal membrane of acinar cells and intercalated duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What do myoepithelial cells do

4

A

Reduce back flow of saliva
Accelerate outflow
Reduce luminar volume
Increase secretory pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a key feature of striated duct structure

2

A

Basal surface has foldings with mitochondria for energy to aid active transport
Luminar surface has microvilli to increase SA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What occurs in striated duct to make saliva hypotonic

A

Reabsorbtion of Na and Cl

Secretion of k and HCO3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How is the parotid gland divided
What is it’s duct called
Where does it’s duct empty

A

Deep part and superficial part divided by facial nerve
Stensons
Upper 2nd molar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is blood supply to parotid gland

A

External carotid artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the venous drainage of the parotid gland

A

External jugular vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What structure is superior to parotid gland

A

TMJ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What structure is posterior to parotid gland

A

Mastoid process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What structure is anterior to parotid gland

A

Angle of mandible
Medial pterygoid plate
Massater
Stylomandibular ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What saliva is produced by submandibular gland

What is it’s duct and where does it drain

A

Mixed

Wartons
Lingual frenulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How is the submandibular gland divided

A

Superficial part below mylohyoid and deep part above mylohyoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the blood supply to submandibular gland

2

A

Submental artery

Sublingual artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the venous drainage of submandibular gland

A

Submental vein into facial vein into internal jugular vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What saliva is secreted by sublingual gland

What is it’s duct called and where does it empty

A

Mucous saliva
Bartholins
Several openings in floor of mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the blood supply of sublingual gland

2

A

Submental artery

Sublingual artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the venous drainage of sublingual gland

A

Submental vein into facial vein into internal jugular vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the most common type of minor salivary glands

Why is saliva from minor salivary duct high in sodium

A

Mucous

No intercalated or striated duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where are glands of Von ebner

What type of saliva do they produce

A

Circumvallate papillae

Serous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where are mucous minor salivary glands found

3

A

Hard palate
Soft palate
Lingual tonsils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Where are serous minor salivary glands found

A

Lingual sulcus terminalis in circumvalate papillae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Where are mixed minor salivary glands found

A

Tip of tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What nerve innervates the parotid gland and what is it’s pathway to the parotid gland

A

Parasympathetic innervation from lesser petrosal nerve of glossopharyngeal
Inferior Salavitory nucleus in medulla
Through jugular foramen
Through tympanic canuliculus into middle ear
Out of middle ear and through hiatus of lesser petrosal nerve into middle cranial fossa
Through foramen ovale
Otic ganglion to parotid gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What nerve innervates submandibular and sublingual glands

What is it’s pathway

A

Parasympathetic innervation via chorda tympani of facial nerve
Superior salavotory nucleus in pons
Through internal acoustic meatus as facial nerve to middle ear
Chorda tympani given off
Lingual nerve of V3 joins chorda tympani
Submandibular ganglion to SM and SL glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What provides sympathetic innervation to the salivary glands
What is it’s pathway

A 
T1-T4
Thoracic vertebrae 1-4
Super cervicular ganglion 
Internal carotid plexus
Deep petrosal nerve
SM SL and Parotid glands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How much saliva is produced a day

What % saliva is water

A

1-1.5 l

99%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is whole saliva composed of

6

A 
Saliva
Epithelial cells
Neutrophils 
Lymphocytes 
Bacteria 
GCF
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the roles of saliva

11

A 
Buffering 
Pellicle formation
Remineralisation 
Salivary proteins 
Clensing 
Immunity
Lubrication
Digestion 
Taste 
Water balance
Wound healing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the component in saliva responsible for buffering

What’s its concentration in stimulated and unstimulated saliva

A

Bicarbonate
Unstimulated 1mmol per litre
Stimulated 60mmol per litre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What reaction allows bicarbonate to buffer

A

HCO3- ➕ H+ ➡️ H2CO3 ➡️ H2O ➕ CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How thick is the pellicle
What does it do
2

A

1-10 micrometers
Diffusion barrier
Base of adhesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

How does saliva aid remineralisation

A

Increases concentration of ions available to remineralise hydroxyapatite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are the salivary proteins in saliva

4

A

Statherin
Proline rich proteins
Cystatins
Histatins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What does statherin do

A

Prevents precipitation of calcium phosphate to maintain high calcium availability for remineralisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What do proline rich proteins do

2

A

Maintain concentration of calcium in saliva by binding to it and adsorbing to hydroxyapatite surface
Inhibit hydroxyapatite growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What do cystatins do

A

Inhibit proteases of periodontal disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What do histatins do

A

Antimicrobial proteins that assist homeostasis and help pellicle formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

How does saliva repair early caries

A

Inhibitors in saliva prevent crystal growth in enamel on surface of lesion to keep pores open for remineralisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

How does saliva cleanse the oral cavity

A

Washes away noxious agents, bacteria and food debres to the gut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is the role of IgA

A

Limits microbial adherence and agglutinate bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Where is IgG derived from

A

GCF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What does lysozyme do

A

Breaks down bacteria walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What does lactoferrin do

A

Binds to ions and inhibits Bacteria growth with lysozyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What do mucins do

What glands are they derived from

A

Aggregate bacteria

sublingual, submandibular and minor salivary glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What do histatins do

A

Helps form pellicle and inhibits candida albicans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What do defensins do

A

Aggregate bacteria and integrate into lipid bilayer to disrupt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

How does saliva aid digestion

A

Amylase from parotid gland helps break down starch by hydrolising alpha 1,4 linkages into maltose and dextrin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

How does saliva aid body water balance

A

When we are dehydrated saliva rate decreases causing dry mouth which stimulates tactile receptors which send impulses to hypothalamus to create conscious awareness of thirst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is normal unstimulated flow

A

0.3-0.4 ml/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is normal stimulated flow

A

1-3ml / min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is unstimulated flow in xerostoma

A

Below 0.1 ml /min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What is stimulated flow rate in xerostomia

A

Below 0.7ml / min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What drug is used for xerostoma

A

Pilocarpine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What are the main organs of GI tract

5

A 
Oral cavity
Oesophagus 
Stomach
Small intestine 
Large intestine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What are the accessory organs of the GI tract

6

A 
Teeth
Tongue 
Salivary glands
Liver
Gall bladder
Pancrease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What is the pH of the oral cavity

A

5-7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What type of epithelium line esophagus

A

Non keratinised stratified squamous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What are the laters of wall lining GI tract

4

A

Adventia / serosa
Muscularis externa
Submucosa
Mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What is the difference between serosa layer or adventia layer

A

Serosa is slippery and serous, adventia is thick and fibrous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Where is serosa found

6

A 
Stomach
Spleen
Liver
Duodenum
Transverse colon
Sigmoid colon
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Where is adventia found

5

A 
Duodenum
Cecum
Ascending colon
Descending colon 
Pancrease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What are the layers of muscularis externica and what do they do
3

A

Outer longitudinal- relaxes and lengthens to pull food forward
Myenteric plexus- causes smooth muscle relaxation when activated
Inner circular- contract and constrict behind food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What are the layers in mucosa in GI tract

3

A

Epithelial layer
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What is the role of liver in relation to GI tract

A

Makes bile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What are the muscle layers in muscularis externica of the stomach
3

A

Longitudinal
Circular
Oblique

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What is the pH of the stomach

How long is food in stomach

A

pH1-3

30mins to 4 hours

72
Q

What are the sphincters of the stomach

A

Cardiac sphincter

Pyloric sphincter

73
Q

What are the areas of the stomach

5

A 
Cardia
Fundus 
Body
Pyloric atrium
Pyloric canal
74
Q

What are the cells of the stomach lining and gastric pits and what do they secrete
5

A 
Surface mucous cell : mucous 
Mucous neck cell : mucous 
Parietal cell : HCl
Chief cell : pepsinogen
Neuroendocrine cell
75
Q

What hormone triggers release of bile from gall bladder

A

CCK

76
Q

What does bile do

A

Emulsifies fad in lipid digestion

77
Q

What is the endocrine function of the pancrease

A

Alpha cells secrete glucagon

Beta cells secrete insulin

78
Q

What is the exocrine function of the pancrease

A

Acini secretes HCO3, tyripsinogen, nucleases, proteases, chymotripsinogen, amylase and lipase
Into interlobular duct
Into pancreatic duct

79
Q

What is the optimum pH of pancreatic amylase

A

5.6-6.9

80
Q

How does bile and pancreatic juice enter the duodenum

A

Hepatopancreatic sphincter

81
Q

What is the ph of the small intestine

How long is food in the small intestine

A

pH 6-7.5

1-2 hours

82
Q

What are the cells of the small intestine and what is there function
5

A

Enterocyte- absorbtion
Goblet cells- mucus secretion
Enteroendocrine cells- hormone secretion
Paneth cells- synthesis ofantimicrobial peptides
M cells- antigen presenting

83
Q

Where are proliferating cells of small intestine found

A

Crypt of epithelium

84
Q

What are the sections of the small intestine

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

85
Q

What are brunners glands, where are they and what do they do

A

Found in duodenum and increase pH between stomach and small intestine

86
Q

Which segments of the small intestine have circular folds

A

Jejunum

Ilium

87
Q

What are payers patches and where in GI tract are they found

A

Payers patches are an aggregation of lymphocytes for immune response found in the ilium

88
Q

Where is B12 absorbed

A

Ilium

89
Q

How are fatty acids and glycerol absorbed

A 
Oral cavity- lingual lipase
Stomach- gastric lipase
Pancrease secretes bile and pancreatic lipase into duodenum 
Bile emulsifies lipids into miscelle
Miscelle absorbed into enterocyte 
Through SER and RER 
Exocytosis of chylomicron into lactiles
90
Q

How are proteins absorbed

A

Chief cells secrete pepsinogen which is converted to pepsin by HCl secreted by parietal cells
In duodenum CCK causes protease release into small intestine from pancrease
In small intestine brush border enzymes secrete peptidases
Amino acids and small peptides absorbed into enterocyte

91
Q

How are carbohydrates absorbed

A

In oral cavity amylase secreted
CCK causes pancreatic amylase release into duodenum
In small intestine brush border enzymes on microvilli- lactase, Maltase, sucrase
Monosaccharides absorbed into enterocyte through GLUT5 and SGLT transporters
GLUT 2 transporters into intestinal capillaries to hepatic portal vein

92
Q

What is the pH of the large intestine

How long does food stay in large intestine

A

pH 5-7

12-24 hours

93
Q

What is absorbed in the large intestine 4

A

Water
Fibre
Bile salts
Vitamins

94
Q

Which vitamins are absorbed in large intestine

3

A

K
Biotin B7
B5

95
Q

What are the sections of the large intestine

A 
Cecum
Ascending colon
Right colic fletcture 
Transverse colon
Left colic flecture
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
96
Q

How does food pass from small to large intestine

A

Iliocecal sphincter

97
Q

What are hastura and what do they do

What are tendiniae coli and what do they do

What are omental appendices and what do they do

A

Bubbles of large intestine which mix chyme and move food along

Longitudinal ribbons of smooth muscle that contract to produce hastara

Small pouches of fat with unknown function

98
Q

Define physiological stress

A

The response of an organism to stressors with sympathetic and parasympathetic activity leading to physiological and behavioural responses

99
Q

Define excercise stress

A

Changes in body to deal with demands of physical activity

100
Q

What is the different between acute and chronic stress

A

Acute stress has short term responses whereas chronic stress is ongoing with damaging effects

101
Q

What is the physiology of stress

5

A

Stress detected
Amygdala in brain stimulates hypothalamus
Hypothalamus activates sympathetic nervous system of ANS
Signals to adrenal medulla which secrete adrenaline and noradrenaline, signals to visceral effectors (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle m, glands)
Outcome

102
Q

What are the stress hormones and what do they do?

5

A

Corticotropin releasing hormone: stimulates ACTH release
Adrenocorticotropic hormone: stimulates cortisol release
Cortisol: gluconeogenesis, proteolylis, reduces inflammation, surpression of immune system,reduced wound healing, reduced bone formation
Growth hormone releasing hormone: causes release of growth hormone from pituitary
Thyrotropin releasing hormone: causes secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone from pituitary gland

103
Q 
Where is corticotropin releasing hormone released
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Cortisol
Growth hormone releasing hormone 
Thyrotropin releasing hormone
A 
Hypothalamus 
Pituitary gland 
Adrenal cortex 
Hypothalamus 
Hypothalamus
104
Q

What is the physiology of excercise stress

8

A

Excercise
Oxygen and energy demand to muscles increases
ATP stores in muscles used up so more ATP made from creatine phosphate and ADP via anaerobic and aerobic respiration
In CV system sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate and has positive ionotrophic effect
Vasodilation in muscles increases oxygen delivery
Ventilation increases as increasing levels of CO2 are detected
Cortisol is released
Antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone are released to conserve water

105
Q

What are the oral diseases associated with stress

7

A 
Periodontal disease
Bruxism
Oral lichen planus 
TMJ PDS
Recurrent aphthous ulcer
Acute necrotising ulcerative gingivitis 
Dry mouth
106
Q

What is normal blood glucose

A

4.4-6.1 mmol/L

107
Q

What is hyperglycaemia level

A

Above 11.1 mmol/L

108
Q

What is hypoglycaemia level

A

Below 2.8 mmol /L

Below 3.9 mmol /L in diabetic

109
Q

How does the body respond to high blood glucose

6

A

High blood sugar detected by beta cells in islets of langerhan which produce insulin
Insulin binds to complementary receptors on muscle and liver
More GLUT4 transporters embedded into plasma membrane for facilitated diffusion of glucose
In liver enzymes activated to cause glycogenesos
Insulin increases cellular respiration
Insulin promotes synthesis of proteins and fatty acids and inhibits breakdown of adipose

110
Q

How does the body respond to low blood glucose

6

A

Alpha cells in islets of langerhan produce glucagon
Glucagon binds to receptors on liver
Enzymes activated for gluconeogenesis
Enzymes activated for glycogenolysis
Facilitated diffusion of glucose out of liver into bloodstream
Glucagon reduces fatty acid synthesis and promotes lipolysis of adipose tissue

111
Q

Which hormones other than insulin lower blood glucose and what secretes them
3

A

Amylin secreted by beta cells
GLP1 secreted by intestinal endocrine L cells
Somatostatin secreted by delta cells of pancrease

112
Q

Which hormones other than glucagon raise blood sugar and what secretes them
6

A 
Asprisin- white adipose
Epinephrine- adrenal medulla 
Cortisol- adrenal cortex
Adrenocorticotropic hormone- pituitary gland 
Growth hormone- pituitary gland
Thyroxine-thyroid
113
Q

What is type one diabetes and what percentage of diabetics are type 1

A

Body can’t produce enough insulin due to autoimmune attack of beta cells in pancrease caused by genetics with environmental influences
9%

114
Q

What are the symptoms of type 1 and 2 diabetes

5

A 
Polyurea 
Polydipsea
Polyphagia 
Fatigue 
Weight loss
115
Q

How is type 1 diabetes treated

A

Insulin
Lifestyle management
Diet management

116
Q

What are complications of type 1 and 2 diabetes

4

A

CV disease
Diabetic retinopathy
Lower limb damage
Kidney failure

117
Q

What is type 2 diabetes and how many diabetics are type 2

A

Ineffective use of insulin leading to insulin resistance caused by lifestyle with genetic factors
90%

118
Q

What are the treatments for type 2 diabetes

4

A

Increased excercise
Weight loss
Low glycemic index diet
Metformin to reduce gluconeogenesis

119
Q

What are the symptoms of low blood sugar

8

A 
Trembling 
Heart pounding 
Sweating 
Hunger
Numbness 
Sleepiness
Irritability
Headache
120
Q

What are the symptoms of very low blood sugar

5

A 
Confusion
Blurred vision 
Difficulty speaking 
Seizures
Coma
121
Q

What is the lifespan of receptor cells of taste buds

A

10 days

122
Q

How are salty tastes transduced

A

Sodium ions diffuse through protein channels into type 1 cells causing depolarisation
Depolarisation causes voltage gated calcium ion channels to open and calcium enters cell causing vesicles to release neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitter creates action potential in nerve fibres

123
Q

How are sour tastes transduced

A

Hydrogen ions diffuse into type 3 cells through protein channels leading to depolarisation
Voltage gated calcium ion channels open and calcium enters
Vesicles release neurotransmitter causing action potential in nerve

124
Q

How are bitter, umami, sweet tastes transduced

A

Tastants bind to G protein coupled receptors which are linked to transducin
Transducin binds to phospholipase c and activated it
Phospholipase c breaks down PIP2 into DAG and IP3
IP3 causes calcium release from SER
Calcium and IP3 open TRPM5 ion channels so sodium and potassium can enter cell and cause depolarisation

125
Q

What is the difference between the orthonasal and retronasal pathway

A

Orthonasal through nostril to olfactory epithelium

Retronasal through mouth and nasopharynx to olfactory epithelium

126
Q

What do warm receptors detect

What do cold receptors detect

A

Heating up

Cooling down

127
Q

What is stress a risk factor of

2

A

Heart attack

Periodontal disease

128
Q

What is poor diet a risk factor of

4

A

Obesity
Cancer
Heart disease
Caries

129
Q

What is smoking a risk factor of

4

A

Cancer
Heart disease
Respiratory disease
Periodontal disease

130
Q

What is alchohol a risk factor of

2

A

Heart disease

Trauma

131
Q

What is low excercise a risk factor of

2

A

Obesity

Heart disease

132
Q

What is poor hygiene a risk factor of

1

A

Periodontal disease

133
Q

What are fat souluble vitamins

Which vitamins are these

A

Vitamins absorbed with fats in the diet that can be stored in the bodies fatty tissues
A D E K

134
Q

What are water soluble vitamins

Which vitamins are water soluble

A

Vitamins that can dissolve in water and are not stored in the body
B1 B2 B3 B5 B6 B7 B9 B12 C

135
Q

What is the name of vitamin A

What does it do (4)

A

Retinoids

Growth of epithelium
Component of pigment in rod cells
Maintains oral mucosa
Antioxidant prevents oral cancer

136
Q

Where is vitamin A found (2)

What does it’s defficiency cause (3)

A

Beta carotene is it’s provitamin
Dark green, yellow and red vegetables

Night blindness with softening cornea
Periodontal disease
Enamel and dentine hypoplasia

137
Q

What does vitamin A toxicity cause

7

A 
Headaches 
Double vision
Dizziness 
Bone and joint pain
Hair loss
Dermatitis 
Teratogenic
138
Q

What is vitamin B1 called

What does it do

A

Thiamin

Carbohydrate metabolism and production of HCl in stomach

139
Q

Where is B1 found (5)

What does B1 deficiency cause (5)

A 
Peas
Fruit 
Eggs
Whole grain bread
Fortified cereal 
Loss of apetite
Constipation 
Nausea 
Confusion
Beriberi
140
Q

What are the effects of beriberi

A

Cardiac failure

Oedema

141
Q

What is vitamin B2 called

What does it do

A

Riboflavin

Helps metabolise lipids and carbohydrates and produce B3 and B6

142
Q

Where is vitamin B2 found 6

What does vitamin B2 deficiency cause 4

A 
Mushroom 
Cornflakes 
Yeast
Liver
Fish
Eggs
Pork

Scaly dermatitis
Photophobia
Glossitis
Angular cheilitis

143
Q

What is vitamin B3 called

What does it do

A

Niacin

Forms part of coenzymes NAD and NADP and used to synthesise fats and sugars

144
Q

Where is vitamin B3 found (7)

What does B3 deficiency cause (4)

A 
Yeast
Meat
Fish
Milk
Eggs
Green vegetables 
Made from amino acid tryptophan

Pellagra
Diorrhea
Dermatitis
Dementia

145
Q

What is vitamin B12 called

What does it do

A

Cobalamin
Converts homocysteine to methionine which is an essential amino acid and helps make dna and maintain nerve cells and synthesise red blood cells

146
Q

What does B12 require to be absorbed in the ileum

A

Intrinsic factor from parietal cell of stomach

147
Q

Where is B12 found

What does B12 deficiency cause (5)

A

Animal products

Anamea 
Weight loss
Fatigue 
Confusion 
Dementia
148
Q

What is pernicious anaemia

A

Autoimmune disease caused by gastric atrophy and loss of intrinsic factor so B12 can’t be absorbed in ileum

149
Q

What is vitamin B9 called

What does it do

A

Foliate/folic acid

Helps break down homocysteine to methionine and is important in gene expression

150
Q

Where is B9 found (4)

What does B9 deficiency cause

A

Beans
Citrus fruit
Whole grain
Green leafy vegetables

Birth defects and premature birth

151
Q

What is vitamin c called

What does it do

A

Ascorbic acid

Antioxidant that protects against cancer and is used to make collagen

152
Q

Where is vitamin c found

What does deficiency cause (6)

A

Citrus fruits

Fragility
Bleeding 
Muscle weakness
Fatigue 
Malaise
Scurvy
153
Q

What are the oral effects of scurvy

3

A

Gingival bleeding and swelling
Loose teeth
Compromised immune function

154
Q

What is vitamin D called

What does it do

A

Ergocalciferol

Helps metabolise calcium and phosphate in bone and moderates immune system

155
Q

Where is vitamin D found (3)

What does vitamin d deficiency cause

A

Egg yolks
Fish liver oils
Sunshine

Rickets or osteomalacia

156
Q

What are the symptoms of rickets or osteomalacia? 7

A 
Pain
Skeletal deformities 
Poor growth
Fragile bones
Richitic teeth
Delayed eruption 
Increased caries risk
157
Q

What is vitamin K called

What does it do

A

Phytonadione

Regulates blood clotting and bone metabolism and blood calcium levels and counteracts warfarin

158
Q

Where is vitamin K found

What does vitamin k deficiency cause

A

Green leafy vegetables and synthesised by colonic bacteria

Easy bruising and excessive bleeding

159
Q

What is kwashiorkor

A

Severe protein malnutrition

160
Q

What are the cariostatic minerals

5

A 
Molybdenum
Vanadium
Fluoride 
Strontium
Lithium
161
Q

What are the caries promoting minerals

3

A

Selenium
Cadmium
Lead

162
Q

What are the branches of the common carotid artery

Where does is bifurcate

A

Internal carotid artery
External carotid artery

C4

163
Q

What is the mnemonic for branches of external carotid artery

A 
Some
Anatomists 
Like
Freaking 
Out
Poor
Medical 
Students
164
Q

What are the branches of external carotid artery and where do they supply
8

A

Superior thyroid- larynx and thyroid
Ascending pharyngeal artery- soft palate and pharynx
Lingual artery- tongue
Facial artery- lower face
Occipital artery- occipital region
Posterior auricular artery- skin over mastoid and middle ear
Maxillary artery- ear, alveolus, pterygoid muscles, temporalis, palate, nasal, pharynx
Superficial temporal artery- temporal region

165
Q

What is the pathway of ascending pharyngeal artery

A

Branches into 3
One branch through foramen lacerum
One branch through jugular foramen
One branch through hypoglossal canal

166
Q

Where does the lingual artery arise

What nerve is it crossed by

A

Tip of greater horn of hyoid

Hypoglossal n

167
Q

Where does the facial artery arise

What is it’s pathway

A 
Arises just above greater horn of hyoid 
Runs upwards on superior constrictor muscle
S turn curls around submandibular gland
Gives off submental artery
Crosses mandible
168
Q

What is the pathway of posterior auricular artery

A

Arises above digastric muscle
Supplies skin over mastoid process
Branches to middle ear

169
Q

What is the pathway of the maxillary

4,3,6

A

Enters infra temporal fossa
Gives off inferior alveolar, middle meningeal, accessory meningeal and ear branch
Passes between superior and inferior heads of lateral pterygoid muscle
Gives off medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid and temporalis branch
Passes through pterygomaxilary fissure into pterygopalatine fossa
Gives off naso palate, anterior palatine, middle palatine, posterior palatine, posterior superior lateral nasal branch and pharyngeal branch

170
Q

Where does the superficial temporal artery branch from

What is it’s pathway

A

Parotid gland
Passes over zygomatic process of temporal bone
Divides into frontal branch and parietal branch

171
Q

What artery supplies central mandible

A

Inferior alveolar artery

172
Q

What artery supplies peripheral mandible

A

Facial artery

173
Q

Which areas drain into the retro mandibular vein

2

A

Superficial temporal vein

Maxillary vein

174
Q

What drains into the external jugular vein

4

A

Posterior auricular
Retro mandibular
Posterior external jugular
Transverse cervical

175
Q

What drains into the subclavian vein

3

A

External jugular vein
Anterior jugular vein
Internal jugular vein

176
Q

What drains into internal jugular vein

7

A 
Sigmoid sinus
Inferior petrosal sinus
Facial vein
Lingual vein
Occipital vein 
Superior thyroid vein
Middle thyroid vein
177
Q

Where does the subclavian vein drain into

A

Superior vena cava

Dentistry Year 1 Term 2 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions