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Dentistry Year 1 Term 2 > Fatima Failsal > Flashcards

Fatima Failsal Flashcards

1
Q

How much % of body mass does skeletal muscle make up

A

40%

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2
Q

What is the stimulus for skeletal muscle contraction

A

Changing calcium ion concentration

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3
Q

What are the divisions of muscle fascilus 4

A

Muscle fibre
Myofibril
Myofilament

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4
Q

What is the region between 2 z lines

A

Sarcomere

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5
Q

What is the light band

A

Actin and myosin don’t overlap

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6
Q

What is the dark band

A

Actin and myosin overlap

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7
Q

What is the z line

A

Centre of each light band

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8
Q

What is the H zone

A

Centre of each dark band where only myosin present

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9
Q

What is the role of tropomyosin

A

To block actin myosin binding sites of actin at rest, held in place by troponin

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10
Q

What do globular heads of myosin bind to

A

Actin and ATP

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11
Q

What is the action of actin and myosin

4

A

1 calcium binding to troponin causes conformational changes which expose binding sites of actin
2 myosin head forms bond with actin filament called actin myosin cross bridges
3 myosin heads flex in unison pulling actin filament along myosin filament
4 myosin head detaches from actin using ATP and returns to original position

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12
Q

What happens during stimulation of the sarcolemma

5

A

1 action potential reaches synaptic knob of motor neurone
2 calcium ion channels stimulated to open so calcium floods into neurone through voltage gated channels
3 acetylcholine is released into neuromuscular junction by exocytosis
4 acetylcholine binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on sarcolemma which are ligand gated receptors opening sodium ion channels
5 sodium diffuses into sarcoplasm causing depolarisation and action potential

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13
Q

What happens during stimulation of the sarcoplasm

7

A

1 AP in sarcolemma travels down Ttubules to sarcoplasmic reticulum
2 calcium ions are released from SR into sarcoplasm
3 calcium ions bind to troponin so tropomyosin pulled away from myosin binding sites of actin and myosin heads bond to form cross bridges
4 myosin head flexes and pulls actin filament along
5 ATP binds to myosin head causing it to release
6 after AP calcium reuptaken into SR by active transport
7 tropomyosin restored

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14
Q

What are the roles of ATP in skeletal muscle

3

A

Active transport of calcium into SR
Returning of myosin head to resting position
Myosin power stroke

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15
Q

Define extrafusal contractile fibres

A

Fibres that generate force of contraction

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16
Q

Define intrafusal contractile fibres

A

Sensory fibres that monitor change in muscle length, they can contract but don’t contribute much to contraction force

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17
Q

What are the types of muscle propreoceprors

3

A

Muscle spindles
Golgi tendon organs
Joint and skin sensors

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18
Q

What do muscle spindles do

What do they cause

A

In skeletal muscle monitor muscle length to prevent over stretching, with intrafusal fibres deep and extrafusal fibres surrounding
Cause contraction when triggered to prevent over stretching

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19
Q

Where are golgi tendon organs located
What do they consist of
What do they detect
What do they trigger

A

Located at junction between skeletal muscle and tendon
Connective tissue capsule filled with collagen fibres interwoven with sensory nerve endings
Detect muscle tension to prevent over contraction, during contraction collagen fibres pulled tight which compresses nerve endings and opens mechanosensitive channels to increase firing of inhibitory neurones in spinal chord
Cause relaxation to prevent over stretching

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20
Q

What do joint and skin receptors do

A

Detect how hard skin being stretched over joint to provide info like grip force

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21
Q

What happens during knee jerk reflex

A

Hitting patella tendon stimulated muscle spindles propreoceptors which send out 1 sensory signal
2 motor signals are related causing contraction of quad and relaxation of hamstring

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22
Q

What happens during golgi tendon reflex

A

Golgi tendon organ responds to muscle tension
Interneurones stimulated and alpha motor input inhibited
Muscle inhibited and antagonistic muscle activated to aid fine movement

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23
Q

What happens during the flexion reflex

A

Nocioceptors send signals to spinal chord and alpha motor neurones cause contraction of flexors with inhibition if antagonistic muscle to cause withdrawal

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24
Q

How many muscle pairs are involved in swallowing

A

25 pairs in pharynx, larynx and oesophagus

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25
What is the overveiw of swallowing
Stimulation of pharyngeal mucosa Impulses sent via cranial nerves 5, 9 and 10 to nucleus tractus solitarius in brainstem Signals receive input from higher centres and interact with other brainstem nuclei Motor signals sent to pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles by cranial nerve 10 and upper cerviacle nerves C1-3
26
What are the phases of swallowing | 3
Oral phase Pharyngeal phase Oesophageal phase
27
What happens during the oral phase of swallowing
Voluntary phase | Chewing, bolus formation, bolus pushed to pharynx by tongue, tongue to palatial surface, bolus propelled backward
28
What happens during the pharyngeal phase of swallowing
Sensory input goes to nucleus of tractus solitarius which receives input from nucleus ambigus (swallowing centre) in brainstem which coordinates the swallowing response Response involves inhibition of respiration, elevation of soft palate, glottis closing, elevation of larynx, adduction of vocal chords, contraction of aryepiglottic muscle to pull epiglottis over laryngeal opening, pharyngo oesophageal sphincter opening
29
What is the fringe benefit of the pharyngeal phase
Activation of pharyngeal muscles pull open Eustachian tubes which reduces pressure in eardrum
30
What happens do oesophageal phase of swallowing
Peristalsis propels food towards stomach and gastro oesophageal sphincter opens and food passes through into stomach
31
What is dysphagia
Sensation of food or liquid sticking in oesophagus during swallowing
32
What is the process of sneezing | 6
``` Irritation of receptors in nasal mucosa Deep inspiration Glottis closes Uvula and soft palate depressed Diaphragm contracts against closed glottis Glottis opens and pressure released ```
33
What is the process of coughing | 6
Mechano and chemoreceptors stimulated and signals sent via inferior laryngeal nerve Signals reach higher centres and brainstem Signals sent to inspire 2-2.5l of air via vagus and phrenic nerve Glottis closes Abdominal muscles contract to increase intrathoracic pressure Glottis opens and pressure released
34
What is a laryngospasm
Spasmodic contraction of larynx causing glottic closure to prevent aspiration
35
What happens do prodromal phase of vomiting
Sympathetic over activity
36
What are the stages of vomiting
Nausea Reaching Emesis
37
What happens during gagging | 3
Pharyngeal stimulation Signals to vomiting area of brain Simultaneous contraction against closed glottis
38
What muscles constrict during gagging
``` Pharyngeal constrictor Inspiratory muscles Diaphragm Muscles of anterior abdominal wall Smooth muscle of stomach wall ```
39
What happens during emesis 2
Relaxation of gastro oesophageal sphincter | Closure of epiglottis
40
What allows humans to speak 3
Low position of larynx in neck Velopharyngeal mechanism Highly developed brain
41
The TMJ is synovial, what does this mean?
Bones of joint joined with fibrous joint capsule, joint has synovial cavities containing synovial fluid
42
The TMJ is ginglymoarthroidal, what does this mean?
Both a ginglymus joint with hinge movement and an arthrodial joint with sliding movements
43
What type of cartilage is the articular disk of TMJ made of
Fibrocartilage
44
What are the layers of the articular surface of condyle and what are they made of 4
Calcified cartilage Fibrocartilagenous layer Cell rich layer Superficial articular surface
45
What are the differences between cartilage and fibrocartilage 3
Cartilage made of type 2 collagen, fibro type 1 Cartilage has no cell contacts, fibro has cell connections Cartilage has pericellular matrix, fibro doesn’t
46
What is the role of articular joint capsule
Attaches condyle to temporal bone and holds in synovial fluid
47
What does stylomandibular ligament do
Limits excessive protrusion
48
What does sphenomandibular ligament do
Supports rotation of mandible
49
What does temporomandibular ligament do
Goes over top of capsule from articular eminence of temporal bone to lateral surface condyle neck to prevent excess posterior movement of TMJ
50
What innervates TMJ
Auricular temporal branch of mandibular nerve
51
What muscles are in the infra temporal fossa | 3
Temporalis Lateral pterygoid Medial pterygoid
52
Which nerves are in the infra temporal fossa | 3
Otic ganglion Mandibular Chorda tympani
53
What ligament is within infra temporal fossa
Sphenomandibular
54
What are the properties of the articular disc | 4
Non innervated Posterior, intermediate, anterior regions Superior head of lateral pterygoid inserts into anterior part Condyle in contact with intermediate part
55
What is the difference between the superior and inferior lamina of bilaminar zone What is between the zones
Superior elastic Inferior non elastic Loose connective tissue
56
What are the properties of the bilaminar zone of TMJ | 2
Highly vascular | Innervated
57
How much does the TMJ move
40-70 mm
58
What are the 2 stages of jaw opening
Rotation- hinge movement, inferior joint cavity, first 20mm Translation- gliding movement, superior joint cavity, condyle and disk slide onto articular eminence
59
Define ageusia
Inability to taste
60
Define hypoguesia
Decreased ability to taste
61
Define dysgeusia
Distorted ability to taste
62
Define cacogeusia
Sensation of bad taste in absence of stimuli
63
``` Define anosmia Hyposmia Dysosmia Parosmia Phantosmia Agnosia ```
Inability to detect odour Decreased ability to detect odour Distorted identification of smell Altered perception of smell in presence of certain odour Perception of smell without odour present Inability to contrast or classify odours
64
Which papillae house taste buds
Circumvalate Foliate Fungiform
65
How many cells are in a taste bud
50-80
66
What are type 1 cells What do they detect What do they do
Glial like Salty Degrade and absorb neurotransmitter
67
What are type 2 cells What do they taste What is a key part of their structure
Receptor cells Bitter umami sweet Microvilli
68
What are type 3 cells What do they taste What do they do
Presynaptic cells Sour Form synaptic junctions with nerves and receive input from receptor cells (2)
69
What are the afferent pathways of taste cells | 4
Chorda tympani to nervus intermedius Greater superficial petrosal to nervus intermedius Glossopharyngeal Vagus
70
What is the diameter of the olfactory mucosa and what does it contain
3cm | Olfactory neurones and oderant receptors
71
How many types of olfactory receptors | What type of receptors are olfactory receptors
1000 | G protein coupled receptors
72
What are turbinates
Structures that direct inspired air toward olfactory epithelium, also called conchae
73
What are the cell types in olfactory epithelium | 4
Olfactory receptor cells Supporting cells Basal cells Brush cells
74
What is the role of olfactory receptor cells
Detects odourants
75
Where are supporting cells located | What are the types of supporting cell and what do they do
Apical layer of pseudostratified cilliated columnar epithelium Sustentacular cells provide metabolic and physical support Microvillar cells express cKIT cell surface protein
76
What are the basal cells, where are they located, what do they do
Stem cells Basal lamina Smdifferentiate into receptor or supporting cells
77
What are brush cells | What do they do
Microvilli bearing cells which transduce general sensation to trigeminal nerve

Dentistry Year 1 Term 2 (5 decks)

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