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Dentistry Year 1 Term 2 > Fatima Failsal > Flashcards

Fatima Failsal Flashcards

1
Q

How much % of body mass does skeletal muscle make up

A

40%

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2
Q

What is the stimulus for skeletal muscle contraction

A

Changing calcium ion concentration

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3
Q

What are the divisions of muscle fascilus 4

A

Muscle fibre
Myofibril
Myofilament

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4
Q

What is the region between 2 z lines

A

Sarcomere

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5
Q

What is the light band

A

Actin and myosin don’t overlap

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6
Q

What is the dark band

A

Actin and myosin overlap

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7
Q

What is the z line

A

Centre of each light band

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8
Q

What is the H zone

A

Centre of each dark band where only myosin present

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9
Q

What is the role of tropomyosin

A

To block actin myosin binding sites of actin at rest, held in place by troponin

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10
Q

What do globular heads of myosin bind to

A

Actin and ATP

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11
Q

What is the action of actin and myosin

4

A

1 calcium binding to troponin causes conformational changes which expose binding sites of actin
2 myosin head forms bond with actin filament called actin myosin cross bridges
3 myosin heads flex in unison pulling actin filament along myosin filament
4 myosin head detaches from actin using ATP and returns to original position

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12
Q

What happens during stimulation of the sarcolemma

5

A

1 action potential reaches synaptic knob of motor neurone
2 calcium ion channels stimulated to open so calcium floods into neurone through voltage gated channels
3 acetylcholine is released into neuromuscular junction by exocytosis
4 acetylcholine binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on sarcolemma which are ligand gated receptors opening sodium ion channels
5 sodium diffuses into sarcoplasm causing depolarisation and action potential

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13
Q

What happens during stimulation of the sarcoplasm

7

A

1 AP in sarcolemma travels down Ttubules to sarcoplasmic reticulum
2 calcium ions are released from SR into sarcoplasm
3 calcium ions bind to troponin so tropomyosin pulled away from myosin binding sites of actin and myosin heads bond to form cross bridges
4 myosin head flexes and pulls actin filament along
5 ATP binds to myosin head causing it to release
6 after AP calcium reuptaken into SR by active transport
7 tropomyosin restored

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14
Q

What are the roles of ATP in skeletal muscle

3

A

Active transport of calcium into SR
Returning of myosin head to resting position
Myosin power stroke

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15
Q

Define extrafusal contractile fibres

A

Fibres that generate force of contraction

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16
Q

Define intrafusal contractile fibres

A

Sensory fibres that monitor change in muscle length, they can contract but don’t contribute much to contraction force

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17
Q

What are the types of muscle propreoceprors

3

A

Muscle spindles
Golgi tendon organs
Joint and skin sensors

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18
Q

What do muscle spindles do

What do they cause

A

In skeletal muscle monitor muscle length to prevent over stretching, with intrafusal fibres deep and extrafusal fibres surrounding
Cause contraction when triggered to prevent over stretching

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19
Q

Where are golgi tendon organs located
What do they consist of
What do they detect
What do they trigger

A

Located at junction between skeletal muscle and tendon
Connective tissue capsule filled with collagen fibres interwoven with sensory nerve endings
Detect muscle tension to prevent over contraction, during contraction collagen fibres pulled tight which compresses nerve endings and opens mechanosensitive channels to increase firing of inhibitory neurones in spinal chord
Cause relaxation to prevent over stretching

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20
Q

What do joint and skin receptors do

A

Detect how hard skin being stretched over joint to provide info like grip force

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21
Q

What happens during knee jerk reflex

A

Hitting patella tendon stimulated muscle spindles propreoceptors which send out 1 sensory signal
2 motor signals are related causing contraction of quad and relaxation of hamstring

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22
Q

What happens during golgi tendon reflex

A

Golgi tendon organ responds to muscle tension
Interneurones stimulated and alpha motor input inhibited
Muscle inhibited and antagonistic muscle activated to aid fine movement

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23
Q

What happens during the flexion reflex

A

Nocioceptors send signals to spinal chord and alpha motor neurones cause contraction of flexors with inhibition if antagonistic muscle to cause withdrawal

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24
Q

How many muscle pairs are involved in swallowing

A

25 pairs in pharynx, larynx and oesophagus

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25
Q

What is the overveiw of swallowing

A

Stimulation of pharyngeal mucosa
Impulses sent via cranial nerves 5, 9 and 10 to nucleus tractus solitarius in brainstem
Signals receive input from higher centres and interact with other brainstem nuclei
Motor signals sent to pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles by cranial nerve 10 and upper cerviacle nerves C1-3

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26
Q

What are the phases of swallowing

3

A

Oral phase
Pharyngeal phase
Oesophageal phase

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27
Q

What happens during the oral phase of swallowing

A

Voluntary phase

Chewing, bolus formation, bolus pushed to pharynx by tongue, tongue to palatial surface, bolus propelled backward

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28
Q

What happens during the pharyngeal phase of swallowing

A

Sensory input goes to nucleus of tractus solitarius which receives input from nucleus ambigus (swallowing centre) in brainstem which coordinates the swallowing response
Response involves inhibition of respiration, elevation of soft palate, glottis closing, elevation of larynx, adduction of vocal chords, contraction of aryepiglottic muscle to pull epiglottis over laryngeal opening, pharyngo oesophageal sphincter opening

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29
Q

What is the fringe benefit of the pharyngeal phase

A

Activation of pharyngeal muscles pull open Eustachian tubes which reduces pressure in eardrum

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30
Q

What happens do oesophageal phase of swallowing

A

Peristalsis propels food towards stomach and gastro oesophageal sphincter opens and food passes through into stomach

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31
Q

What is dysphagia

A

Sensation of food or liquid sticking in oesophagus during swallowing

32
Q

What is the process of sneezing

6

A 
Irritation of receptors in nasal mucosa
Deep inspiration
Glottis closes
Uvula and soft palate depressed
Diaphragm contracts against closed glottis
Glottis opens and pressure released
33
Q

What is the process of coughing

6

A

Mechano and chemoreceptors stimulated and signals sent via inferior laryngeal nerve
Signals reach higher centres and brainstem
Signals sent to inspire 2-2.5l of air via vagus and phrenic nerve
Glottis closes
Abdominal muscles contract to increase intrathoracic pressure
Glottis opens and pressure released

34
Q

What is a laryngospasm

A

Spasmodic contraction of larynx causing glottic closure to prevent aspiration

35
Q

What happens do prodromal phase of vomiting

A

Sympathetic over activity

36
Q

What are the stages of vomiting

A

Nausea
Reaching
Emesis

37
Q

What happens during gagging

3

A

Pharyngeal stimulation
Signals to vomiting area of brain
Simultaneous contraction against closed glottis

38
Q

What muscles constrict during gagging

A 
Pharyngeal constrictor
Inspiratory muscles
Diaphragm
Muscles of anterior abdominal wall
Smooth muscle of stomach wall
39
Q

What happens during emesis 2

A

Relaxation of gastro oesophageal sphincter

Closure of epiglottis

40
Q

What allows humans to speak 3

A

Low position of larynx in neck
Velopharyngeal mechanism
Highly developed brain

41
Q

The TMJ is synovial, what does this mean?

A

Bones of joint joined with fibrous joint capsule, joint has synovial cavities containing synovial fluid

42
Q

The TMJ is ginglymoarthroidal, what does this mean?

A

Both a ginglymus joint with hinge movement and an arthrodial joint with sliding movements

43
Q

What type of cartilage is the articular disk of TMJ made of

A

Fibrocartilage

44
Q

What are the layers of the articular surface of condyle and what are they made of
4

A

Calcified cartilage
Fibrocartilagenous layer
Cell rich layer
Superficial articular surface

45
Q

What are the differences between cartilage and fibrocartilage
3

A

Cartilage made of type 2 collagen, fibro type 1
Cartilage has no cell contacts, fibro has cell connections
Cartilage has pericellular matrix, fibro doesn’t

46
Q

What is the role of articular joint capsule

A

Attaches condyle to temporal bone and holds in synovial fluid

47
Q

What does stylomandibular ligament do

A

Limits excessive protrusion

48
Q

What does sphenomandibular ligament do

A

Supports rotation of mandible

49
Q

What does temporomandibular ligament do

A

Goes over top of capsule from articular eminence of temporal bone to lateral surface condyle neck to prevent excess posterior movement of TMJ

50
Q

What innervates TMJ

A

Auricular temporal branch of mandibular nerve

51
Q

What muscles are in the infra temporal fossa

3

A

Temporalis
Lateral pterygoid
Medial pterygoid

52
Q

Which nerves are in the infra temporal fossa

3

A

Otic ganglion
Mandibular
Chorda tympani

53
Q

What ligament is within infra temporal fossa

A

Sphenomandibular

54
Q

What are the properties of the articular disc

4

A

Non innervated
Posterior, intermediate, anterior regions
Superior head of lateral pterygoid inserts into anterior part
Condyle in contact with intermediate part

55
Q

What is the difference between the superior and inferior lamina of bilaminar zone

What is between the zones

A

Superior elastic
Inferior non elastic

Loose connective tissue

56
Q

What are the properties of the bilaminar zone of TMJ

2

A

Highly vascular

Innervated

57
Q

How much does the TMJ move

A

40-70 mm

58
Q

What are the 2 stages of jaw opening

A

Rotation- hinge movement, inferior joint cavity, first 20mm

Translation- gliding movement, superior joint cavity, condyle and disk slide onto articular eminence

59
Q

Define ageusia

A

Inability to taste

60
Q

Define hypoguesia

A

Decreased ability to taste

61
Q

Define dysgeusia

A

Distorted ability to taste

62
Q

Define cacogeusia

A

Sensation of bad taste in absence of stimuli

63
Q 
Define anosmia
Hyposmia
Dysosmia
Parosmia
Phantosmia
Agnosia
A

Inability to detect odour
Decreased ability to detect odour
Distorted identification of smell
Altered perception of smell in presence of certain odour
Perception of smell without odour present
Inability to contrast or classify odours

64
Q

Which papillae house taste buds

A

Circumvalate
Foliate
Fungiform

65
Q

How many cells are in a taste bud

A

50-80

66
Q

What are type 1 cells
What do they detect
What do they do

A

Glial like
Salty
Degrade and absorb neurotransmitter

67
Q

What are type 2 cells
What do they taste
What is a key part of their structure

A

Receptor cells
Bitter umami sweet
Microvilli

68
Q

What are type 3 cells
What do they taste
What do they do

A

Presynaptic cells
Sour
Form synaptic junctions with nerves and receive input from receptor cells (2)

69
Q

What are the afferent pathways of taste cells

4

A

Chorda tympani to nervus intermedius
Greater superficial petrosal to nervus intermedius
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus

70
Q

What is the diameter of the olfactory mucosa and what does it contain

A

3cm

Olfactory neurones and oderant receptors

71
Q

How many types of olfactory receptors

What type of receptors are olfactory receptors

A

1000

G protein coupled receptors

72
Q

What are turbinates

A

Structures that direct inspired air toward olfactory epithelium, also called conchae

73
Q

What are the cell types in olfactory epithelium

4

A

Olfactory receptor cells
Supporting cells
Basal cells
Brush cells

74
Q

What is the role of olfactory receptor cells

A

Detects odourants

75
Q

Where are supporting cells located

What are the types of supporting cell and what do they do

A

Apical layer of pseudostratified cilliated columnar epithelium
Sustentacular cells provide metabolic and physical support
Microvillar cells express cKIT cell surface protein

76
Q

What are the basal cells, where are they located, what do they do

A

Stem cells
Basal lamina
Smdifferentiate into receptor or supporting cells

77
Q

What are brush cells

What do they do

A

Microvilli bearing cells which transduce general sensation to trigeminal nerve

Dentistry Year 1 Term 2 (5 decks)

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