I Like to Move It, Move It

Question 1

At body temperature, oxygen is..

Answer 1

inert (non-reactive)

Note: reactivity requires high heat (activation energy)

Question 2

At body temperature, oxygen is always activated by..

Answer 2

metal ions.

e.g., iron, copper, manganese

Question 3

Most of the oxygen usage is committed to..

Answer 3

oxidative phosphorylation.

Question 4

Oxidation is..

Answer 4

loss of electrons or an increase in oxidation state.

Question 5

Reduction is..

Answer 5

gain of electrons or a decrease in oxidation state.

Question 6

At body temp, activation of O2 is mediated by..

Answer 6

metal ions.

Question 7

Free redox active metal ions are generally..

Answer 7

sequestered.

Question 8

Partially reduced, reactive forms of oxygen are..

Answer 8

reactive oxygen species.

Question 9

Reduction of superoxide yields..

Answer 9

H2O2.

Question 10

Reduction of H2O2 causes a hemolytic reaction that releases..

Answer 10

hydroxyl (OH) and hydroxide ion (OH-).

Question 11

You should know:

Answer 11

H2O2, superoxide, hypochlorite ion, OH radical.

Question 12

A cluster of atoms, one of which contains an unpaired electron in its outermost shell of electrons is..

Answer 12

a radical.

Question 13

3 ways of ROS formation..

Answer 13

1) O2 with reactive metal
2) in mitochondrial electron transfer rxn
3) enzymatic rxn

Question 14

Fenton reaction

Answer 14

Fe2+ + H2O2 OH + OH-

Question 15

Oxidative stress is balanced by..

Answer 15

ROS producing factors and antioxidants.

Question 16

Oxidative stress generated during ischemia/reperfusion results from..

Answer 16

disruption of electron transfer chain.

Question 17

ROS damages cell membrane by interacting with..

Answer 17

polyunsaturated fatty acids to create lipid peroxide.

Question 18

ROS damages DNA by causing..

Answer 18

DNA break.

Question 19

ROS oxidize amino acids to damage..

Answer 19

protein function.

Question 20

ROS important for production of..

Answer 20

bioactive molecules and for killing of bacteria.

Question 21

Critical enzyme in bacterial killing is..

Answer 21

myeloperoxidase.

Question 22

ROS are defended by 3 mechanisms..

Answer 22

prevention, repair, and physical barrier.

Question 23

Antioxidant defenses..

Answer 23

SOD, catalase, Vit A, Vit C, Vit E, glutathione.

Question 24

Liver serves as filter for..

Answer 24

all digested materials.

Question 25

Hepatocytes have a broad range of..

Answer 25

synthetic and catabolic fxns.

Question 26

Metabolic waste is secreted into..

Answer 26

bialary tree –>small intestine–>excreted in feces.

Question 27

Hepatic malfunctions can lead to increased..

Answer 27

bilirubin, glucose, albumin, prothrombin time, urea. cholesterol, drug half-life and bile acids.

Question 28

Portal vein drains metabolites of.. to..

Answer 28

gut to liver.

Question 29

permits the release of free glucose to blood..

Answer 29

glucose-6-phosphate.

Question 30

liver proteins include..

Answer 30

albumin, coagulation factors, and acute phase proteins.

Question 31

Critical acute phase protein that responds to inflammation or infection..

Answer 31

C-reactive protein (CRP).

Question 32

Urea cycle is essential for removal of..

Answer 32

nitrogen generated by amino acids.

note: prevents ammonia toxicity

Question 33

Impaired clearance of ammonia causes..

Answer 33

brain damage.

Question 34

Heme is O2 binding moiety in..

Answer 34

Mb, Hb, and cytochrome.

Question 35

Rate limiting step in heme synthesis is production of..

Answer 35

5-ALA from SCoA and Glycine.

Question 36

At the final stage, Fe2+ is added by..

Answer 36

ferrochelatase.

Question 37

Addition of Fe2+ by ferrochelatase to.. to form heme.

Answer 37

protoporphyrin.

Question 38

Heme controls rate of synthesis by inhibiting..

Answer 38

5-ALA synthesis.

Question 39

Bilirubin is catabolic product of..

Answer 39

heme.

Question 40

biliverdin is..

bilirubin is..

Answer 40

biliverdin is soluble, bilirubin is not.

Question 41

This can be conjugated through the gut and excreted..

Answer 41

conjugated bilirubin.

Question 42

The imbalance between its production and excretion..

Answer 42

hyperbilirubinemia.

Question 43

This may be caused by increased bilirubin production..

Answer 43

Jaundice.

Question 44

This is cause by impaired hepatic uptake, conjugation, or secretion of bilirubin..

Answer 44

Intrahepatic Jaundaice.

Question 45

This is cause by the obstruction of biliary drainage..

Answer 45

Posthepatic Jaundice.

Question 46

2 phases of metabolization of drugs in the liver..

Answer 46

1) addition of polar group (mediated by cytochrome P450)

2) conjugation of organic group (sulfation, acetylation, methylation)

Question 47

Overdose of acetaminophen leads to..

Answer 47

production of free radical-mediated cytotoxicity.

Question 48

Alcohol is metabolized by.. and..

Answer 48

alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase.

Note: produces acetate.