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I Can't Feel My Face > I Like to Move It, Move It > Flashcards

I Like to Move It, Move It Flashcards

1
Q

At body temperature, oxygen is..

A

inert (non-reactive)

Note: reactivity requires high heat (activation energy)

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2
Q

At body temperature, oxygen is always activated by..

A

metal ions.

e.g., iron, copper, manganese

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3
Q

Most of the oxygen usage is committed to..

A

oxidative phosphorylation.

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4
Q

Oxidation is..

A

loss of electrons or an increase in oxidation state.

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5
Q

Reduction is..

A

gain of electrons or a decrease in oxidation state.

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6
Q

At body temp, activation of O2 is mediated by..

A

metal ions.

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7
Q

Free redox active metal ions are generally..

A

sequestered.

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8
Q

Partially reduced, reactive forms of oxygen are..

A

reactive oxygen species.

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9
Q

Reduction of superoxide yields..

A

H2O2.

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10
Q

Reduction of H2O2 causes a hemolytic reaction that releases..

A

hydroxyl (OH) and hydroxide ion (OH-).

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11
Q

You should know:

A

H2O2, superoxide, hypochlorite ion, OH radical.

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12
Q

A cluster of atoms, one of which contains an unpaired electron in its outermost shell of electrons is..

A

a radical.

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13
Q

3 ways of ROS formation..

A

1) O2 with reactive metal
2) in mitochondrial electron transfer rxn
3) enzymatic rxn

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14
Q

Fenton reaction

A

Fe2+ + H2O2 OH + OH-

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15
Q

Oxidative stress is balanced by..

A

ROS producing factors and antioxidants.

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16
Q

Oxidative stress generated during ischemia/reperfusion results from..

A

disruption of electron transfer chain.

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17
Q

ROS damages cell membrane by interacting with..

A

polyunsaturated fatty acids to create lipid peroxide.

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18
Q

ROS damages DNA by causing..

A

DNA break.

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19
Q

ROS oxidize amino acids to damage..

A

protein function.

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20
Q

ROS important for production of..

A

bioactive molecules and for killing of bacteria.

21
Q

Critical enzyme in bacterial killing is..

A

myeloperoxidase.

22
Q

ROS are defended by 3 mechanisms..

A

prevention, repair, and physical barrier.

23
Q

Antioxidant defenses..

A

SOD, catalase, Vit A, Vit C, Vit E, glutathione.

24
Q

Liver serves as filter for..

A

all digested materials.

25
Q

Hepatocytes have a broad range of..

A

synthetic and catabolic fxns.

26
Q

Metabolic waste is secreted into..

A

bialary tree –>small intestine–>excreted in feces.

27
Q

Hepatic malfunctions can lead to increased..

A

bilirubin, glucose, albumin, prothrombin time, urea. cholesterol, drug half-life and bile acids.

28
Q

Portal vein drains metabolites of.. to..

A

gut to liver.

29
Q

permits the release of free glucose to blood..

A

glucose-6-phosphate.

30
Q

liver proteins include..

A

albumin, coagulation factors, and acute phase proteins.

31
Q

Critical acute phase protein that responds to inflammation or infection..

A

C-reactive protein (CRP).

32
Q

Urea cycle is essential for removal of..

A

nitrogen generated by amino acids.

note: prevents ammonia toxicity

33
Q

Impaired clearance of ammonia causes..

A

brain damage.

34
Q

Heme is O2 binding moiety in..

A

Mb, Hb, and cytochrome.

35
Q

Rate limiting step in heme synthesis is production of..

A

5-ALA from SCoA and Glycine.

36
Q

At the final stage, Fe2+ is added by..

A

ferrochelatase.

37
Q

Addition of Fe2+ by ferrochelatase to.. to form heme.

A

protoporphyrin.

38
Q

Heme controls rate of synthesis by inhibiting..

A

5-ALA synthesis.

39
Q

Bilirubin is catabolic product of..

A

heme.

40
Q

biliverdin is..

bilirubin is..

A

biliverdin is soluble, bilirubin is not.

41
Q

This can be conjugated through the gut and excreted..

A

conjugated bilirubin.

42
Q

The imbalance between its production and excretion..

A

hyperbilirubinemia.

43
Q

This may be caused by increased bilirubin production..

A

Jaundice.

44
Q

This is cause by impaired hepatic uptake, conjugation, or secretion of bilirubin..

A

Intrahepatic Jaundaice.

45
Q

This is cause by the obstruction of biliary drainage..

A

Posthepatic Jaundice.

46
Q

2 phases of metabolization of drugs in the liver..

A

1) addition of polar group (mediated by cytochrome P450)

2) conjugation of organic group (sulfation, acetylation, methylation)

47
Q

Overdose of acetaminophen leads to..

A

production of free radical-mediated cytotoxicity.

48
Q

Alcohol is metabolized by.. and..

A

alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase.

Note: produces acetate.

I Can't Feel My Face (3 decks)

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