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I Can't Feel My Face > Downtown > Flashcards

Downtown Flashcards

1
Q

These detect, amplify, and integrate external signals..

A

cellular signal transduction cassettes.

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2
Q

Cellular transduction cassettes are comprised of.. (3)

A

1) Specific cell surface membrane receptors
2) Effector signaling elements
3) Regulatory proteins

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3
Q

Six steps of general signals and response..

A

1) synthesis of signaling molecule (ligand)
2) release of ligand
3) transport of ligand to target cell
4) binding of ligand by specific receptor protein & change in conformation
5) change in cell metabolism, fxn, or development
6) removal of ligand, terminating cellular response
7) degradation of ligand

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4
Q

Chemical messengers made by endocrine cells and secreted into bloodstream..

A

Hormones.

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5
Q

Hormones affect..

A

gene expression and protein synthesis.

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6
Q

Types of hormones..

A

Steroids, Amine (amino acid-derived), Peptide (usually lumped together with polypeptides), Polypeptides

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7
Q

Steroid hormones that are cholesterol precursors..

A

Corticosteroids, Androgens, Estrogens.

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8
Q

Steroid hormones immediately diffuse out of endocrine cells into..

A

bloodstream.

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9
Q

Steroid hormones characteristics.. (2)

A

lipid soluble and have a slower acting/longer half-life than peptide hormones.

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10
Q

Steroid hormones act as..

A

intracellular (cytoplasmic) receptors.

Note: located inside target cells.

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11
Q

Hormones that are tyrosine or tryptophan derived..

A

Amine hormones.

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12
Q

These hormones are stored in endocrine cells until secreted..

A

Amine hormones.

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13
Q

Receptors for these hormones can be located on the cell surface or intracellular..

A

Amine hormones.

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14
Q

These hormones can be stored in endorcrine cell vesicles; they do NOT immediately enter bloodstream..

A

Polypeptide hormones.

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15
Q

Polypeptide hormone solubility..

A

water soluble.

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16
Q

These hormones do NOT readily pass through cell membrane..

A

Polypeptide hormones.

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17
Q

These hormones bind to external receptors, and are known as the “first messengers”..

A

Polypeptide hormones.

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18
Q

Intracellular effects of Polypeptide hormones are accomplished through..

A

low molecular-weight signaling molecules, aka “second messengers”

e.g., cAMP or calcium

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19
Q

Integral membrane proteins with an extracellular N-terminus..

A

G-protein coupled receptors.

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20
Q

G-protein coupled receptors structure..

A

Seven transmembrane-spanning alpha-helices (Ligand binds to pocket)

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21
Q

G-protein couple receptors loops..

A

3 extracellular and intracellular loops.

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22
Q

This loop recruits G-protein to receptor..

A

third intracellular loop.

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23
Q

The C-terminal tail membrane of G-protein coupled receptors is..

A

intracellular.

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24
Q

There are no intrinsic catalytic domains associated with..

A

G-protein coupled receptors.

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25
Q

G-protein (guanine nucleotide-binding) activates..

A

adenylyl cylase (converts ATP to cAMP).

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26
Q

Activation of adenlyl cyclase by G-Protein activates..

A

protein kinases in cytosol.

signal cascade

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27
Q

cAMP is inactivated by..

A

phosphodiesterase.

turns of cell response

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28
Q

Specficity of the G-protein activity is due to..

A

alpha-subunit, which contains the GTP-binding site and an intrinsic GTPase activity,

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29
Q

Adenylyl Cyclase is activated by the action of the..

A

alpha-subunit of the G-protein.

30
Q

Many Gs aplha-subunits can be stimulated by..

A

one molecule of bound hormone.

Note: amplifies original hormone signal.

31
Q

Bacterial toxins that target G-proteins..

A

Cholera toxin & Pertussis toxin

ADP-ribosylates Gs alpha-subunit

32
Q

Increase in cAMP within intestinal epithelial cells..

A

Cholera toxin.

33
Q

Enahnces cAMP levels that inhibits neutrophil fxns..

A

Pertussis toxin (whooping cough).

34
Q

Increase in cAMP within intestinal epithelial cells leads to phosphorylation of..

A

Cl-channels and efflux of electrolytes and water (severe diarrhea)

35
Q

Tyrosine kinase-linked receptors have no..

A

intrinsic enzymatic activity.

36
Q

Ligand-triggered protein kinases are..

A

intrinsic enzymatic activity receptors.

37
Q

These receptors form dimers upon binding of ligand..

A

tyrosine kinase-linked receptors & intrinsic enzymatic activity.

38
Q

Ligand/receptor complex of intrinsic enzymatic activity acts as..

A

tyrosine kinase.

phosphorylates other kinases

39
Q

Ligand binding changes confirmation of receptor to allow specific ions to flow thru channel..

A

ion-channel receptor.

40
Q

bacterial toxin that affects ion-channels..

A

botulinum toxin.

prevents release of acetylcholine neurotransmitter/cleaves proteins involved in docking of NTs

41
Q

Intracellular [Ca2+]..

Extracellular [Ca2+]..

Why..

A

Intracellular - 100 nM

Extracellular - 1 nM

gradient allows rapid changes in Ca2+ concentration via hormone ligation

42
Q

Calcium binds to this protein to induce a conformational change..

A

calmodulin.

43
Q

Calcium/calmodulin complex binds to these proteins to initiate signal cascades..

A

kinases.

44
Q

Second messenger responsible for calcium mobilization..

A

PIP2

45
Q

PIP2 is hydrolyzed to 2 second messengers by..

A

PIP2-specific phospholipase C (PLC)

46
Q

2 second messengers of derived from PIP2..

A

IP3 & DAG.

47
Q

This messenger is water soluble and mobilizes calcium..

A

IP3.

48
Q

Anchored in plasma membrane (fatty acid side chains) and activates protein kinase C (PKC)..

A

DAG.

49
Q

This molecule can also be hydrolyzed by phopholipases to produce lipid second messengers..

A

Phosphatidylcholine.

50
Q

Phosphatidylcholine second messengers..

A 
DAG (by PLC)
Phosphatidic Acid (PLD)
Arachidonic Acid (PLA2)
51
Q

Key inflammatory/pain mediators..

A

arachidonic acid and prostaglandins.

52
Q

Precursors of eicosanoids..

A

prostaglandins, leukotrienes, prostacyclins, thromboxanes

53
Q

Precursors of eicosanoids signal via..

A

G-protein coupled receptors.

54
Q

Arachidonic acid/prostaglandinds functions include..

A

modulate smooth muscle contraction
platelet aggregation
gastric acid secretion
salt and water balance

55
Q

Arachidonic acid conversion to prostaglandins involve..

A

cyclooxygenase isoforms.

Note: regulate inflammation, regulate blood flow to organs, control ion transport across membranes, modulate synaptic transmission, induce sleep

56
Q

constitutive isoform..

A

COX-1.

57
Q

Response to inflammatory mediators isoform..

A

COX-2.

58
Q

NSAIDS are..

A

Cyclooxygenase inhibitors.

e.g., Aspirin and Ibuprofen; celecoxib - rheumatoid arthritis

59
Q

Cyclooxygenase inhibitors block..

A

cyclooxygenase conversion to prostaglandins.

60
Q

Both cyclooxygenase isoforms are irreversibly inactivated by..

A

Aspirin.

61
Q

Arachidonic acid converted into leukotriene by..

A

lipooxygenases.

62
Q

Example of a receptor-independent signaling molecule..

A

Nitric Oxide.

63
Q

Nitric oxide stimulates..

A

guanylate cyclase.

64
Q

Stimulation of guanylate cyclase..

A

generates cGMP - relaxes blood vessels

65
Q

Angina symptoms treated with..

A

glyceryl trinitrate, which is converted to NO.

66
Q

3 Types of endocytosis..

A

Pinocytosis, Phagocytosis, Receptor-mediated endocytosis

67
Q

Nonspecific absorption of extracellular fluid..

A

Pinocytosis.

68
Q

Activated by attachment to Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)..

A

Phagocytosis.

69
Q

Clathrin coated vesicles (form polyhedral lattice) associated with..

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis.

70
Q

Example of Receptor-mediated endocytosis..

A

Iron transport via transferring receptor.

71
Q

Movement of receptors to a different membrane from the one in which it was endocytosed..

A

Transcytosis.

I Can't Feel My Face (3 decks)

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