I. Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment (24%)

Question 1

Trust vs Mistrust

Answer 1

Birth to 1 year
Learn to trust based on consistency of caregivers

Hope

Question 2

Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt

Answer 2

Ages 1 to 3
Children begin to play independently, make choices about clothes, toys, what to eat
Builds confidence and security

Will

Question 3

Initiative vs Guilt

Answer 3

Ages 3 to 6
Children begin to plan activities, make up games, initiate play with others

Purpose

Question 4

Industry vs Inferiority

Answer 4

Age 6 to puberty
Children begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments

Competence

Question 5

Identity vs Role Confusion

Answer 5

Adolescence
Becoming more independent, looking to the future (careers, relationships)
Begin to form identities

Fidelity

Question 6

Intimacy vs Isolation

Answer 6

Young adulthood
Begin to explore relationships outside family

Love

Question 7

Generativity vs Stagnation

Answer 7

Middle adulthood
Establish careers, settle down, begin families, develop a sense of the bigger picture

Care

Question 8

Ego Integrity vs Despair

Answer 8

Older adults
Look back on life accomplishments and develop a sense of integrity if satisfied with their progression in life

Wisdom

Question 9

Sensorimotor

Answer 9

0-2 years

object permanence

Question 10

Preoperational

Answer 10

2-7 years
Symbolic thought
Magical thinking
(imaginary friends, age appropriate)

Question 11

Concrete Operations

Answer 11

7-11 years
Operational thought
Rules of logic develop
(plays games with rules)

Question 12

Formal Operations

Answer 12

11 through maturity
Abstract concepts
Adult roles and responsibilities

Question 13

Maslows Hierarchy

Answer 13

(from top to bottom)
Self-actualization
Esteem
Love and Belonging
Safety
Physiological

Question 14

Attachment theory

Answer 14

lasting psychological connectedness between human beings

Question 15

Authoritarian Parenting

Answer 15

Strict rules
Punishment
No reasoning behind rules

Grow up to be obedient but lower in happiness and self esteem

Question 16

Authoritative Parenting

Answer 16

Democratic
Responsive
Nurturing and forgiving

Question 17

Permissive Parenting

Answer 17

Few demands
Rarely discipline
Friend, not parent

Results in children who have lower happiness and self regulation, trouble with authority

Question 18

Globalization

Answer 18

Interconnectedness of persons across the world

Question 19

Conscious

Answer 19

small part of mind, holds what you are aware of

Question 20

Preconscious

Answer 20

small-medium part of the mind, holds ordinary memories that can be brought into the conscious

Question 21

Unconscious

Answer 21

Large part of the mind
Urges, feelings, ideas
(where Id, Ego, and Superego take place)

Question 22

Id

Answer 22

selfish, primitive

Question 23

Ego

Answer 23

moderator between id and superego

sense of self

Question 24

Superego

Answer 24

internalized societal and parental standards of good vs bad and right vs wrong

Question 25

Oral stage

Answer 25

age 0 to 1.5 nursing oral fixation in adults- smoking, nail biting, overeating, sarcasm

Question 26

Anal stage

Answer 26

ages 1.5 to 3 toilet training adulthood: anal-expulsive personality: sloppy, disorganized, careless anal-retentive personality: careful, meticulous, passive-aggressive, clean and orderly

Question 27

Phallic stage

Answer 27

ages 4-5 discover private parts masturbation/fondling adulthood: men: anxiety and guilty feelings about sex, fear of castration, narcissistic personality women: implied that women do not progress past this stage fully, will always maintain sense of envy/inferiority

Question 28

Latency

Answer 28

Ages 5-puberty sexual feelings suppressed child adjusts to environment outside the home (school)

Question 29

Genital stage

Answer 29

puberty and on | sexual interests, desires, relationships

Question 30

Ecological Systems Theory

Answer 30

Persons are in continual transaction with their environment

Question 31

Positive reinforcement

Answer 31

Increases probability that behavior will occur Praising, giving tokens, or otherwise rewarding positive behavior

Question 32

Negative reinforcement

Answer 32

Behavior increases because a negative stimulus is removed

Question 33

Extinction

Answer 33

withholding a reinforcer that normally follows a behavior

Question 34

stages of group development

Answer 34

``` forming (preaffiliation) storming (power and control) norming (intimacy) performing (differentiation) adjourning (separation/termination) ```

Question 35

conversion

Answer 35

mental conflict or disturbance is transferred into a physical symptom to relieve anxiety