I. Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment (24%) Flashcards
Trust vs Mistrust
Birth to 1 year
Learn to trust based on consistency of caregivers
Hope
Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt
Ages 1 to 3
Children begin to play independently, make choices about clothes, toys, what to eat
Builds confidence and security
Will
Initiative vs Guilt
Ages 3 to 6
Children begin to plan activities, make up games, initiate play with others
Purpose
Industry vs Inferiority
Age 6 to puberty
Children begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments
Competence
Identity vs Role Confusion
Adolescence
Becoming more independent, looking to the future (careers, relationships)
Begin to form identities
Fidelity
Intimacy vs Isolation
Young adulthood
Begin to explore relationships outside family
Love
Generativity vs Stagnation
Middle adulthood
Establish careers, settle down, begin families, develop a sense of the bigger picture
Care
Ego Integrity vs Despair
Older adults
Look back on life accomplishments and develop a sense of integrity if satisfied with their progression in life
Wisdom
Sensorimotor
0-2 years
object permanence
Preoperational
2-7 years
Symbolic thought
Magical thinking
(imaginary friends, age appropriate)
Concrete Operations
7-11 years
Operational thought
Rules of logic develop
(plays games with rules)
Formal Operations
11 through maturity
Abstract concepts
Adult roles and responsibilities
Maslows Hierarchy
(from top to bottom) Self-actualization Esteem Love and Belonging Safety Physiological
Attachment theory
lasting psychological connectedness between human beings
Authoritarian Parenting
Strict rules
Punishment
No reasoning behind rules
Grow up to be obedient but lower in happiness and self esteem
Authoritative Parenting
Democratic
Responsive
Nurturing and forgiving
Permissive Parenting
Few demands
Rarely discipline
Friend, not parent
Results in children who have lower happiness and self regulation, trouble with authority
Globalization
Interconnectedness of persons across the world
Conscious
small part of mind, holds what you are aware of
Preconscious
small-medium part of the mind, holds ordinary memories that can be brought into the conscious
Unconscious
Large part of the mind
Urges, feelings, ideas
(where Id, Ego, and Superego take place)
Id
selfish, primitive
Ego
moderator between id and superego
sense of self
Superego
internalized societal and parental standards of good vs bad and right vs wrong
Oral stage
age 0 to 1.5
nursing
oral fixation in adults- smoking, nail biting, overeating, sarcasm
Anal stage
ages 1.5 to 3
toilet training
adulthood:
anal-expulsive personality: sloppy, disorganized, careless
anal-retentive personality: careful, meticulous, passive-aggressive, clean and orderly
Phallic stage
ages 4-5
discover private parts
masturbation/fondling
adulthood:
men: anxiety and guilty feelings about sex, fear of castration, narcissistic personality
women: implied that women do not progress past this stage fully, will always maintain sense of envy/inferiority
Latency
Ages 5-puberty
sexual feelings suppressed
child adjusts to environment outside the home (school)
Genital stage
puberty and on
sexual interests, desires, relationships
Ecological Systems Theory
Persons are in continual transaction with their environment
Positive reinforcement
Increases probability that behavior will occur
Praising, giving tokens, or otherwise rewarding positive behavior
Negative reinforcement
Behavior increases because a negative stimulus is removed
Extinction
withholding a reinforcer that normally follows a behavior
stages of group development
forming (preaffiliation) storming (power and control) norming (intimacy) performing (differentiation) adjourning (separation/termination)
conversion
mental conflict or disturbance is transferred into a physical symptom to relieve anxiety
