I give up i have one day - just learn this Flashcards

Question

Immune response to vaccination

Answer 1

“Tradition” vaccine – Two or more doses – Strong antibody response – Limited cell mediated response – Interval to protection Modified live vaccine (attenuated) – Infects – Single dose – Balanced immune response – Shorter interval to “protection”

Answer 2

The data comes to you e.g. Abattoir meat inspection

Answer 3

You go towards the data e.g. A serological survey A farmer questionnaire

Answer 4

sampling at abbatoirs

Answer 5

targeting selected populations

Answer 6

targeting populations most at risk

Answer 7

Targets a defined health-related event e.g. notifiable diseases

Answer 8

(“before diagnosis”) For early detection, evaluation of event impact Based on existing activity data, real-time collection, analysis and interpretation data

Answer 9

Ads: - Good coverage of the animal population - Most animals are seen by owners frequently (in contrast in a survey only a very small proportion of the population is examined usually only one) - Relative inexpensive (farmers need to contact the veterinarian anyway, so the main extra cost is related to collecting the information for surveillance) Disads: - Farmers might nor observe their animals properly - Farmers might not recognise signs of disease - Farmers might be afraid to report disease, because of the fear of negative consequences (tax claim, culling) - Farmers might be unable to report the disease if they live in remote areas - There might be a failure within the veterinary service to report the disease to the higher veterinary authorities

Answer 10

- Increase in population size - Changes in population characteristics - Random variation

Answer 11

* Increased dx * Contamination of dx * New testing protocol * Changes in reporting procedures

Answer 12

- Use general theory to predict cases - Review what is already known and formulate a hypothesis, collected data to test the null hypotheses, leading to a confirmation (or not) of the original theory

Answer 13

- Generalize from observations and develop scientific laws – Based on repeated observations, detection of patterns, formulation of tentative hypotheses to explore, and finally general conclusions

Answer 14

1. The agent must be present in every case of the disease. 2. The agent has to be isolated and grown in pure culture. 3. The agent must cause specific disease. 4. Once isolated that agent must reproduce the disease and must be recovered from experimentally infected animals. anthrax and tuberculosis are the only 2 to rlly work with these - many disadvantages

Answer 15

1. Strength - Strong associations are more likely to be causal 2. Consistency - Consistent findings in studies using different methods and different populations 3. Specificity - Specificity is established when a single putative cause produces a specific effect 4. Temporality - The cause must precede effect. This is the only absolutely essential criterion 5. Biological gradient - ‘Dose - response’ relationship 6. Plausibility - Association makes ‘biological sense’, i.e. agrees with currently accepted understanding of processes (current knowledge/beliefs). 7. Coherence - Relates to absence of conflicting information 8. Experiment - Research that is based on experiments will make a causal inference more plausible 9. Analogy - A commonly accepted phenomenon in one area that can be applied to another area

Answer 16

1. Elimination of the cause should decrease the frequency of occurrence 2. Prevention/modification of the host response should decrease the disease

Answer 17

Host, Agent, Environment

Answer 18

1.Does not account for the temporal (time) sequence of events 2. Does not show how factors may be interlinked 3. Overemphasis on agent factors (not appropriate for toxins/noninfections agents)

Answer 19

Sufficient, Necessary and Component Causes

Answer 20

Positive association: if A increases also B increases (or the higher the value of A the more likely B is to occur) Negative association: if A increases B decreases (or the higher the value of A the less likely B is to occur)

Answer 21

1. Consensus 2. Collaboration 3. Coordination 4. Commitment 5. Cooperation

Answer 22

1. causative organism is the spore forming, obligate intracellular bacterium Coxiella burnetti.

Answer 23

describes severity of disease produced by different strains of an infectious agent in the same host type

Answer 24

host, pathogen, environment

Answer 25

severity of disease of the same agent strain in populations of other host types

Answer 26

1. Reservoir Host - serve as a habitat for the infectious agent and are a common source of infection to other species 2. Definitive host - a species in which a parasite undergoes the sexual phase of reproduction 3. Intermediate Host - one in which the infectious agent undergoes development, and possibly replication, without sexual reproduction 4. Paratenic Host - one in which the agent is transferred mechanically, ie without further development.

Answer 27

1. Vertical - from mother to fetus 2. Horizontal - from peer to peer 3. Nosocomial - from originating in hospital 4. Iatrogenic - caused by medical examination or treatment

Answer 28

Y = m x (I / N) x t m : “mixing” rate (contact pattern) I / N : proportion of contacts with infectious hosts t : probability of transmission of the infection once a contact is made between an infectious host and a susceptible host

Answer 29

1. Peracute (fastest) 2. Acute 3. Subacute 4. chronic 5. subclinical

Answer 30

E-I Latent period (A): from exposure to onset of agent shedding Incubation period (B): from exposure to onset of clinical signs B-A = Prodormal period: disease process has begun but it is not clinically apparent

Answer 31

Carrier state animals remain infected but are not always infectious

Answer 32

JE, RRV, MVE, Kunjin, West Nile Dengue, Chikungunya, Yellow Fever

Answer 33

MVE, West Nile, JVE, Dengue

Answer 34

Ross River and Barmah Forest

Answer 35

Host: humans - not dead end Reservoir: Fruit bats, possums Vector: mozzie