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Z: AS Psychology (Methodology) > Hypotheses > Flashcards

Hypotheses Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

A prediction that researchers make about what they think will happen in their study

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2
Q

What does operationalising a hypothesis mean?

A

Specifying exactly what it is we will test (the independent variable) and exactly how we will measure the behaviour/response (the dependent variable)

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3
Q

What is it called when, in a hypothesis, you specify exactly what it is you will test (the IV) and exactly how you will measure the behaviour/response (the DV)?

A

Operationalise it

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4
Q

What must you do to a hypothesis?

A

Operationalise it

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5
Q

What is another name for an experimental hypothesis?

A

An alternative hypothesis

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6
Q

What is another name for an alternative hypothesis?

A

An experimental hypothesis

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7
Q

What is an experimental/alternative hypothesis?

A

One that predicts there will be a significant affect from the IV on the DV.

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8
Q

a) What type of hypothesis is the following prediction?
‘Males will recall more words from a list than females’
b) Why is this?

A

a) An experimental or alternative hypothesis

b) It predicts that the IV (gender) will have an affect on the DV (number of words recalled)

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9
Q

True or False: the following prediction is an experimental/alternative hypothesis
‘Males will recall more words from a list than females’

A

True - It predicts that the IV (gender) will have an affect on the DV (number of words recalled)

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10
Q

True or False: the following prediction is a null hypothesis

‘Males will recall more words from a list than females’

A

False - it is an experimental/alternative hypothesis because it predicts that the IV (gender) will have an affect on the DV (number of words recalled)

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11
Q

Why do you need to make both predictions at the start of an investigation?

A

So in your conclusion you can reject one type and accept another

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12
Q

What is a null hypothesis?

A

One that predicts the IV will not have a significant affect on the DV (or that any affect will be due to chance and not the independent variable)

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13
Q

a) What type of hypothesis is the following prediction?
‘There will be no difference in the number of words recalled from a list between males and females’
b) Why is this?

A

a) Null hypothesis

b) It predicts there will be no affect of the IV (gender) on the DV (number of words recalled in a list)

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14
Q

True or False: the following prediction is an experimental/alternative hypothesis
‘There will be no difference in the number of words recalled from a list between males and females’

A

False - it is a null hypothesis because it predicts there will be no affect of the IV (gender) on the DV (number of words recalled in a list)

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15
Q

True or False: the following prediction is a null hypothesis

‘There will be no difference in the number of words recalled from a list between males and females’

A

True - It predicts there will be no affect of the IV (gender) on the DV (number of words recalled in a list)

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16
Q

Identify if the following hypothesis is operationalised, partially operationalised, or not operationalised.

‘Violence will have a significant affect on behaviour’

A

Not operationalised

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17
Q

Identify if the following hypothesis is operationalised, partially operationalised, or not operationalised.

‘Showing a picture with a word will have a significant affect on memory’

A

Partially operationalised

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18
Q

Identify if the following hypothesis is operationalised, partially operationalised, or not operationalised.

‘Self report aggression scores will be higher for those who watch a violent TV programme than those who don’t’

A

Operationalised

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19
Q

Identify if the following hypothesis is operationalised, partially operationalised, or not operationalised.

‘Males will recall more words from a list than females’

A

Operationalised

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20
Q

The following hypothesis is operationalised - true or false?

‘Violence will have a significant affect on behaviour’

A

False - not operationalised

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21
Q

The following hypothesis is partially operationalised - true or false?

‘Violence will have a significant affect on behaviour’

A

False - not operationalised

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22
Q

The following hypothesis is not operationalised - true or false?

‘Violence will have a significant affect on behaviour’

A

True

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23
Q

The following hypothesis is operationalised - true or false?

‘Showing a picture with a word will have a significant affect on memory’

A

False - partially operationalised

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24
Q

The following hypothesis is partially operationalised - true or false?

‘Showing a picture with a word will have a significant affect on memory’

A

True

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25
Q

The following hypothesis is not operationalised - true or false?

‘Showing a picture with a word will have a significant affect on memory’

A

False - partially operationalised

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26
Q

The following hypothesis is operationalised - true or false?

‘Self report aggression scores will be higher for those who watch a violent TV programme than those who don’t’

A

True

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27
Q

The following hypothesis is partially operationalised - true or false?

‘Self report aggression scores will be higher for those who watch a violent TV programme than those who don’t’

A

False - operationalised

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28
Q

The following hypothesis is not operationalised - true or false?

‘Self report aggression scores will be higher for those who watch a violent TV programme than those who don’t’

A

False - operationalised

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29
Q

The following hypothesis is operationalised - true or false?

‘Males will recall more words from a list than females’

A

True

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30
Q

The following hypothesis is partially operationalised - true or false?

‘Males will recall more words from a list than females’

A

False - operationalised

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31
Q

The following hypothesis is not operationalised - true or false?

‘Males will recall more words from a list than females’

A

False - operationalised

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32
Q

Identify if the following prediction is an example of an experimental or null hypothesis.

‘Participants who receive an injection of adrenalin will show a significantly faster heart rate than participants who don’t.’

A

Experimental hypothesis

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33
Q

The following prediction is an example of an experimental hypothesis - true or false?

‘Participants who receive an injection of adrenalin will show a significantly faster heart rate than participants who don’t.’

A

True

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34
Q

The following prediction is an example of a null hypothesis - true or false?

‘Participants who receive an injection of adrenalin will show a significantly faster heart rate than participants who don’t.’

A

False - experimental

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35
Q

Identify if the following prediction is an example of an experimental or null hypothesis.

‘Females will drive significantly more carefully than males.’

A

Experimental hypothesis

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36
Q

The following prediction is an example of an experimental hypothesis - true or false?

‘Females will drive significantly more carefully than males.’

A

True

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37
Q

The following prediction is an example of a null hypothesis - true or false?

‘Females will drive significantly more carefully than males.’

A

False - experimental

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38
Q

Identify if the following prediction is an example of an experimental or null hypothesis.

‘There will be no significant affect of social class on IQ scores’

A

Null hypothesis

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39
Q

The following prediction is an example of an experimental hypothesis - true or false?

‘There will be no significant affect of social class on IQ scores’

A

False - null

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40
Q

The following prediction is an example of a null hypothesis - true or false?

‘There will be no significant affect of social class on IQ scores’

A

True

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41
Q

Identify if the following prediction is an example of an experimental or null hypothesis.

‘Participants will be significantly less likely to help someone when they are in a group than when they are alone.’

A

Experimental hypothesis

42
Q

The following prediction is an example of an experimental hypothesis - true or false?

‘Participants will be significantly less likely to help someone when they are in a group than when they are alone.’

A

True

43
Q

The following prediction is an example of a null hypothesis - true or false?

‘Participants will be significantly less likely to help someone when they are in a group than when they are alone.’

A

False - experimental

44
Q

Identify if the following prediction is an example of an experimental or null hypothesis.

‘The time of day will not significantly affect a participant’s alertness on a task’

A

Null hypothesis

45
Q

The following prediction is an example of a null hypothesis - true or false?

‘The time of day will not significantly affect a participant’s alertness on a task’

A

True

46
Q

The following prediction is an example of an experimental hypothesis - true or false?

‘The time of day will not significantly affect a participant’s alertness on a task’

A

False - null

47
Q

Identify if the following prediction is an example of an experimental or null hypothesis.

‘There will be no difference in the number of words recalled from a list between males and females’

A

Null hypothesis

48
Q

The following prediction is an example of a null hypothesis - true or false?

‘There will be no difference in the number of words recalled from a list between males and females’

A

True

49
Q

The following prediction is an example of an experimental hypothesis - true or false?

‘There will be no difference in the number of words recalled from a list between males and females’

A

False - null

50
Q

Identify if the following prediction is an example of an experimental or null hypothesis.

‘Participants who have alcohol will respond significantly slower on a reaction time task than participants who don’t have alcohol’

A

Experimental hypothesis

51
Q

The following prediction is an example of an experimental hypothesis - true or false?

‘Participants who have alcohol will respond significantly slower on a reaction time task than participants who don’t have alcohol’

A

True

52
Q

The following prediction is an example of a null hypothesis - true or false?

‘Participants who have alcohol will respond significantly slower on a reaction time task than participants who don’t have alcohol’

A

False - experimental

53
Q

Identify if the following prediction is an example of an experimental or null hypothesis.

‘There will be no significant difference between the number of male participants who wear a seatbelt and the number of female drivers who wear a seatbelt.

A

Null hypothesis

54
Q

The following prediction is an example of a null hypothesis - true or false?

‘There will be no significant difference between the number of male participants who wear a seatbelt and the number of female drivers who wear a seatbelt.

A

True

55
Q

The following prediction is an example of an experimental hypothesis - true or false?

‘There will be no significant difference between the number of male participants who wear a seatbelt and the number of female drivers who wear a seatbelt.

A

False - null

56
Q

What is the difference between a one-tailed and a two-tailed hypothesis?

A

One tailed = hypothesis that predicts the specific direction of the difference or effect
Two tailed = hypothesis that just suggests a difference will take place

57
Q

What is a one-tailed hypothesis?

A

A hypothesis that predicts the specific direction of the difference or effect

58
Q

What is a two-tailed hypothesis?

A

A hypothesis that just suggests a difference will take place

59
Q

a) Is the following prediction a one-tailed or two-tailed hypothesis?
‘ There will be a significant difference between the number of long words recalled compared with the number of short words recalled’
b) Why is this?

A

a) Two-tailed hypothesis

b) It predicts there will be an affect of the IV (length of word) on the DV (number of words recalled)

60
Q

True or False: the following prediction is a two tailed hypothesis.

’ There will be a significant difference between the number of long words recalled compared with the number of short words recalled’

A

True - It predicts there will be an affect of the IV (length of word) on the DV (number of words recalled)

61
Q

True or False: the following prediction is a one tailed hypothesis.

’ There will be a significant difference between the number of long words recalled compared with the number of short words recalled’

A

False - It’s a two tailed hypothesis because it predicts there will be an affect of the IV (length of word) on the DV (number of words recalled)

62
Q

How could you turn the following two-tailed hypothesis into a one-tailed hypothesis?

’ There will be a significant difference between the number of long words recalled compared with the number of short words recalled’

If possible, explain why the hypothesis you have come up with is one-tailed.

A

‘Participants will recall significantly less long words than short words’ because this hypothesis has predicted the expected effect, rather than make a general prediction claiming there will be a difference.

63
Q

Identify which of the following hypothesis is one-tailed.

a) ‘ There will be a significant difference between the number of long words recalled compared with the number of short words recalled’
b) ‘Participants will recall significantly less long words than short words’

A

b) is one-tailed

64
Q

Identify which of the following hypothesis is one-tailed.

a) ‘Participants will recall significantly less long words than short words’
b) ‘ There will be a significant difference between the number of long words recalled compared with the number of short words recalled’

A

a) is one-tailed

65
Q

Identify which of the following hypothesis is two-tailed.

a) ‘Participants will recall significantly less long words than short words’
b) ‘ There will be a significant difference between the number of long words recalled compared with the number of short words recalled’

A

b) is two-tailed

66
Q

Identify which of the following hypothesis is two-tailed.

a) ‘ There will be a significant difference between the number of long words recalled compared with the number of short words recalled’
b) ‘Participants will recall significantly less long words than short words’

A

a) is two tailed

67
Q

Identify which of the following hypothesis is two-tailed and which is one-tailed.

a) ‘ There will be a significant difference between the number of long words recalled compared with the number of short words recalled’
b) ‘Participants will recall significantly less long words than short words’

A

a) Two-tailed

b) One-tailed

68
Q

Identify which of the following hypothesis is two-tailed and which is one-tailed.

a) ‘Participants will recall significantly less long words than short words’
b) ‘ There will be a significant difference between the number of long words recalled compared with the number of short words recalled’

A

a) One-tailed

b) Two-tailed

69
Q

Identify if the following hypothesis is one or two tailed.

‘There is a difference in the speed with which people react to visual and auditory stimuli’.

A

Two tailed

70
Q

True or false: the following hypothesis is two tailed.

‘There is a difference in the speed with which people react to visual and auditory stimuli’.

A

True

71
Q

True or false: the following hypothesis is one tailed.

‘There is a difference in the speed with which people react to visual and auditory stimuli’.

A

False - two tailed

72
Q

Identify if the following hypothesis is one or two tailed.

’ Cannabis affects memory’

A

Two tailed

73
Q

True or false: the following hypothesis is two tailed.

’ Cannabis affects memory’

A

True

74
Q

True or false: the following hypothesis is one tailed.

’ Cannabis affects memory’

A

False - two tailed

75
Q

Identify if the following hypothesis is one or two tailed.

‘Bulls will charge more often when presented with a red rag than when presented with a blue rag.’

A

One tailed

76
Q

True or false: the following hypothesis is one tailed.

‘Bulls will charge more often when presented with a red rag than when presented with a blue rag.’

A

True

77
Q

True or false: the following hypothesis is two tailed.

‘Bulls will charge more often when presented with a red rag than when presented with a blue rag.’

A

False - one tailed

78
Q

Identify if the following hypothesis is one or two tailed.

‘First born children learn to speak earlier than second born and subsequent children.’

A

One tailed

79
Q

True or false: the following hypothesis is one tailed.

‘First born children learn to speak earlier than second born and subsequent children.’

A

True

80
Q

True or false: the following hypothesis is two tailed.

‘First born children learn to speak earlier than second born and subsequent children.’

A

False - one tailed

81
Q

Identify if the following hypothesis is one or two tailed.

‘Men drive faster than women’

A

One tailed

82
Q

True or false: the following hypothesis is two tailed.

‘Men drive faster than women’

A

False - one tailed

83
Q

True or false: the following hypothesis is one tailed.

‘Men drive faster than women’

A

True

84
Q

Identify if the following hypothesis is one or two tailed.

‘lack of sleep affects learning in 10-year-old boys.’

A

Two tailed

85
Q

True or false: the following hypothesis is one tailed.

‘lack of sleep affects learning in 10-year-old boys.’

A

False - two tailed

86
Q

True or false: the following hypothesis is two tailed.

‘lack of sleep affects learning in 10-year-old boys.’

A

True

87
Q

Identify if the following hypothesis is one or two tailed.

‘A baby under 9 months of age will not search for a hidden object.’

A

One tailed

88
Q

True or false: the following hypothesis is two tailed.

‘A baby under 9 months of age will not search for a hidden object.’

A

False - one tailed

89
Q

True or false: the following hypothesis is one tailed.

‘A baby under 9 months of age will not search for a hidden object.’

A

True

90
Q

Identify if the following hypothesis is one or two tailed.

‘Social class affects IQ scores.’

A

Two tailed

91
Q

True or false: the following hypothesis is one tailed.

‘Social class affects IQ scores.’

A

False - two tailed

92
Q

True or false: the following hypothesis is two tailed.

‘Social class affects IQ scores.’

A

True

93
Q

Identify if the following hypothesis is one or two tailed.

‘It is easier to remember items which are chunked together than it is to remember individual, unconnected items.’

A

One tailed

94
Q

True or false: the following hypothesis is two tailed.

‘It is easier to remember items which are chunked together than it is to remember individual, unconnected items.’

A

False - one tailed

95
Q

True or false: the following hypothesis is two tailed.

‘It is easier to remember items which are chunked together than it is to remember individual, unconnected items.’

A

True

96
Q

Identify if the following hypothesis is one or two tailed.

‘Stressful experiences increase the likelihood of headaches.’

A

One tailed

97
Q

True or false: the following hypothesis is two tailed.

‘Stressful experiences increase the likelihood of headaches.’

A

False - one tailed

98
Q

True or false: the following hypothesis is one tailed.

‘Stressful experiences increase the likelihood of headaches.’

A

True

99
Q

Identify if the following hypothesis is one or two tailed.

‘Time of day affects alertness’

A

Two tailed

100
Q

True or false: the following hypothesis is one tailed.

‘Time of day affects alertness’

A

False - two tailed

101
Q

True or false: the following hypothesis is two tailed.

‘Time of day affects alertness’

A

True

Z: AS Psychology (Methodology) (12 decks)

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