Hypotheses Flashcards
What is a hypothesis?
A prediction that researchers make about what they think will happen in their study
What does operationalising a hypothesis mean?
Specifying exactly what it is we will test (the independent variable) and exactly how we will measure the behaviour/response (the dependent variable)
What is it called when, in a hypothesis, you specify exactly what it is you will test (the IV) and exactly how you will measure the behaviour/response (the DV)?
Operationalise it
What must you do to a hypothesis?
Operationalise it
What is another name for an experimental hypothesis?
An alternative hypothesis
What is another name for an alternative hypothesis?
An experimental hypothesis
What is an experimental/alternative hypothesis?
One that predicts there will be a significant affect from the IV on the DV.
a) What type of hypothesis is the following prediction?
‘Males will recall more words from a list than females’
b) Why is this?
a) An experimental or alternative hypothesis
b) It predicts that the IV (gender) will have an affect on the DV (number of words recalled)
True or False: the following prediction is an experimental/alternative hypothesis
‘Males will recall more words from a list than females’
True - It predicts that the IV (gender) will have an affect on the DV (number of words recalled)
True or False: the following prediction is a null hypothesis
‘Males will recall more words from a list than females’
False - it is an experimental/alternative hypothesis because it predicts that the IV (gender) will have an affect on the DV (number of words recalled)
Why do you need to make both predictions at the start of an investigation?
So in your conclusion you can reject one type and accept another
What is a null hypothesis?
One that predicts the IV will not have a significant affect on the DV (or that any affect will be due to chance and not the independent variable)
a) What type of hypothesis is the following prediction?
‘There will be no difference in the number of words recalled from a list between males and females’
b) Why is this?
a) Null hypothesis
b) It predicts there will be no affect of the IV (gender) on the DV (number of words recalled in a list)
True or False: the following prediction is an experimental/alternative hypothesis
‘There will be no difference in the number of words recalled from a list between males and females’
False - it is a null hypothesis because it predicts there will be no affect of the IV (gender) on the DV (number of words recalled in a list)
True or False: the following prediction is a null hypothesis
‘There will be no difference in the number of words recalled from a list between males and females’
True - It predicts there will be no affect of the IV (gender) on the DV (number of words recalled in a list)
Identify if the following hypothesis is operationalised, partially operationalised, or not operationalised.
‘Violence will have a significant affect on behaviour’
Not operationalised
Identify if the following hypothesis is operationalised, partially operationalised, or not operationalised.
‘Showing a picture with a word will have a significant affect on memory’
Partially operationalised
Identify if the following hypothesis is operationalised, partially operationalised, or not operationalised.
‘Self report aggression scores will be higher for those who watch a violent TV programme than those who don’t’
Operationalised
Identify if the following hypothesis is operationalised, partially operationalised, or not operationalised.
‘Males will recall more words from a list than females’
Operationalised
The following hypothesis is operationalised - true or false?
‘Violence will have a significant affect on behaviour’
False - not operationalised
The following hypothesis is partially operationalised - true or false?
‘Violence will have a significant affect on behaviour’
False - not operationalised
The following hypothesis is not operationalised - true or false?
‘Violence will have a significant affect on behaviour’
True
The following hypothesis is operationalised - true or false?
‘Showing a picture with a word will have a significant affect on memory’
False - partially operationalised
The following hypothesis is partially operationalised - true or false?
‘Showing a picture with a word will have a significant affect on memory’
True
The following hypothesis is not operationalised - true or false?
‘Showing a picture with a word will have a significant affect on memory’
False - partially operationalised
The following hypothesis is operationalised - true or false?
‘Self report aggression scores will be higher for those who watch a violent TV programme than those who don’t’
True
The following hypothesis is partially operationalised - true or false?
‘Self report aggression scores will be higher for those who watch a violent TV programme than those who don’t’
False - operationalised
The following hypothesis is not operationalised - true or false?
‘Self report aggression scores will be higher for those who watch a violent TV programme than those who don’t’
False - operationalised
The following hypothesis is operationalised - true or false?
‘Males will recall more words from a list than females’
True
The following hypothesis is partially operationalised - true or false?
‘Males will recall more words from a list than females’
False - operationalised
The following hypothesis is not operationalised - true or false?
‘Males will recall more words from a list than females’
False - operationalised
Identify if the following prediction is an example of an experimental or null hypothesis.
‘Participants who receive an injection of adrenalin will show a significantly faster heart rate than participants who don’t.’
Experimental hypothesis
The following prediction is an example of an experimental hypothesis - true or false?
‘Participants who receive an injection of adrenalin will show a significantly faster heart rate than participants who don’t.’
True
The following prediction is an example of a null hypothesis - true or false?
‘Participants who receive an injection of adrenalin will show a significantly faster heart rate than participants who don’t.’
False - experimental
Identify if the following prediction is an example of an experimental or null hypothesis.
‘Females will drive significantly more carefully than males.’
Experimental hypothesis
The following prediction is an example of an experimental hypothesis - true or false?
‘Females will drive significantly more carefully than males.’
True
The following prediction is an example of a null hypothesis - true or false?
‘Females will drive significantly more carefully than males.’
False - experimental
Identify if the following prediction is an example of an experimental or null hypothesis.
‘There will be no significant affect of social class on IQ scores’
Null hypothesis
The following prediction is an example of an experimental hypothesis - true or false?
‘There will be no significant affect of social class on IQ scores’
False - null
The following prediction is an example of a null hypothesis - true or false?
‘There will be no significant affect of social class on IQ scores’
True
Identify if the following prediction is an example of an experimental or null hypothesis.
‘Participants will be significantly less likely to help someone when they are in a group than when they are alone.’
Experimental hypothesis
The following prediction is an example of an experimental hypothesis - true or false?
‘Participants will be significantly less likely to help someone when they are in a group than when they are alone.’
True
The following prediction is an example of a null hypothesis - true or false?
‘Participants will be significantly less likely to help someone when they are in a group than when they are alone.’
False - experimental
Identify if the following prediction is an example of an experimental or null hypothesis.
‘The time of day will not significantly affect a participant’s alertness on a task’
Null hypothesis
The following prediction is an example of a null hypothesis - true or false?
‘The time of day will not significantly affect a participant’s alertness on a task’
True
The following prediction is an example of an experimental hypothesis - true or false?
‘The time of day will not significantly affect a participant’s alertness on a task’
False - null
Identify if the following prediction is an example of an experimental or null hypothesis.
‘There will be no difference in the number of words recalled from a list between males and females’
Null hypothesis
The following prediction is an example of a null hypothesis - true or false?
‘There will be no difference in the number of words recalled from a list between males and females’
True
The following prediction is an example of an experimental hypothesis - true or false?
‘There will be no difference in the number of words recalled from a list between males and females’
False - null
Identify if the following prediction is an example of an experimental or null hypothesis.
‘Participants who have alcohol will respond significantly slower on a reaction time task than participants who don’t have alcohol’
Experimental hypothesis
The following prediction is an example of an experimental hypothesis - true or false?
‘Participants who have alcohol will respond significantly slower on a reaction time task than participants who don’t have alcohol’
True
The following prediction is an example of a null hypothesis - true or false?
‘Participants who have alcohol will respond significantly slower on a reaction time task than participants who don’t have alcohol’
False - experimental
Identify if the following prediction is an example of an experimental or null hypothesis.
‘There will be no significant difference between the number of male participants who wear a seatbelt and the number of female drivers who wear a seatbelt.
Null hypothesis
The following prediction is an example of a null hypothesis - true or false?
‘There will be no significant difference between the number of male participants who wear a seatbelt and the number of female drivers who wear a seatbelt.
True
The following prediction is an example of an experimental hypothesis - true or false?
‘There will be no significant difference between the number of male participants who wear a seatbelt and the number of female drivers who wear a seatbelt.
False - null
What is the difference between a one-tailed and a two-tailed hypothesis?
One tailed = hypothesis that predicts the specific direction of the difference or effect
Two tailed = hypothesis that just suggests a difference will take place
What is a one-tailed hypothesis?
A hypothesis that predicts the specific direction of the difference or effect
What is a two-tailed hypothesis?
A hypothesis that just suggests a difference will take place
a) Is the following prediction a one-tailed or two-tailed hypothesis?
‘ There will be a significant difference between the number of long words recalled compared with the number of short words recalled’
b) Why is this?
a) Two-tailed hypothesis
b) It predicts there will be an affect of the IV (length of word) on the DV (number of words recalled)
True or False: the following prediction is a two tailed hypothesis.
’ There will be a significant difference between the number of long words recalled compared with the number of short words recalled’
True - It predicts there will be an affect of the IV (length of word) on the DV (number of words recalled)
True or False: the following prediction is a one tailed hypothesis.
’ There will be a significant difference between the number of long words recalled compared with the number of short words recalled’
False - It’s a two tailed hypothesis because it predicts there will be an affect of the IV (length of word) on the DV (number of words recalled)
How could you turn the following two-tailed hypothesis into a one-tailed hypothesis?
’ There will be a significant difference between the number of long words recalled compared with the number of short words recalled’
If possible, explain why the hypothesis you have come up with is one-tailed.
‘Participants will recall significantly less long words than short words’ because this hypothesis has predicted the expected effect, rather than make a general prediction claiming there will be a difference.
Identify which of the following hypothesis is one-tailed.
a) ‘ There will be a significant difference between the number of long words recalled compared with the number of short words recalled’
b) ‘Participants will recall significantly less long words than short words’
b) is one-tailed
Identify which of the following hypothesis is one-tailed.
a) ‘Participants will recall significantly less long words than short words’
b) ‘ There will be a significant difference between the number of long words recalled compared with the number of short words recalled’
a) is one-tailed
Identify which of the following hypothesis is two-tailed.
a) ‘Participants will recall significantly less long words than short words’
b) ‘ There will be a significant difference between the number of long words recalled compared with the number of short words recalled’
b) is two-tailed
Identify which of the following hypothesis is two-tailed.
a) ‘ There will be a significant difference between the number of long words recalled compared with the number of short words recalled’
b) ‘Participants will recall significantly less long words than short words’
a) is two tailed
Identify which of the following hypothesis is two-tailed and which is one-tailed.
a) ‘ There will be a significant difference between the number of long words recalled compared with the number of short words recalled’
b) ‘Participants will recall significantly less long words than short words’
a) Two-tailed
b) One-tailed
Identify which of the following hypothesis is two-tailed and which is one-tailed.
a) ‘Participants will recall significantly less long words than short words’
b) ‘ There will be a significant difference between the number of long words recalled compared with the number of short words recalled’
a) One-tailed
b) Two-tailed
Identify if the following hypothesis is one or two tailed.
‘There is a difference in the speed with which people react to visual and auditory stimuli’.
Two tailed
True or false: the following hypothesis is two tailed.
‘There is a difference in the speed with which people react to visual and auditory stimuli’.
True
True or false: the following hypothesis is one tailed.
‘There is a difference in the speed with which people react to visual and auditory stimuli’.
False - two tailed
Identify if the following hypothesis is one or two tailed.
’ Cannabis affects memory’
Two tailed
True or false: the following hypothesis is two tailed.
’ Cannabis affects memory’
True
True or false: the following hypothesis is one tailed.
’ Cannabis affects memory’
False - two tailed
Identify if the following hypothesis is one or two tailed.
‘Bulls will charge more often when presented with a red rag than when presented with a blue rag.’
One tailed
True or false: the following hypothesis is one tailed.
‘Bulls will charge more often when presented with a red rag than when presented with a blue rag.’
True
True or false: the following hypothesis is two tailed.
‘Bulls will charge more often when presented with a red rag than when presented with a blue rag.’
False - one tailed
Identify if the following hypothesis is one or two tailed.
‘First born children learn to speak earlier than second born and subsequent children.’
One tailed
True or false: the following hypothesis is one tailed.
‘First born children learn to speak earlier than second born and subsequent children.’
True
True or false: the following hypothesis is two tailed.
‘First born children learn to speak earlier than second born and subsequent children.’
False - one tailed
Identify if the following hypothesis is one or two tailed.
‘Men drive faster than women’
One tailed
True or false: the following hypothesis is two tailed.
‘Men drive faster than women’
False - one tailed
True or false: the following hypothesis is one tailed.
‘Men drive faster than women’
True
Identify if the following hypothesis is one or two tailed.
‘lack of sleep affects learning in 10-year-old boys.’
Two tailed
True or false: the following hypothesis is one tailed.
‘lack of sleep affects learning in 10-year-old boys.’
False - two tailed
True or false: the following hypothesis is two tailed.
‘lack of sleep affects learning in 10-year-old boys.’
True
Identify if the following hypothesis is one or two tailed.
‘A baby under 9 months of age will not search for a hidden object.’
One tailed
True or false: the following hypothesis is two tailed.
‘A baby under 9 months of age will not search for a hidden object.’
False - one tailed
True or false: the following hypothesis is one tailed.
‘A baby under 9 months of age will not search for a hidden object.’
True
Identify if the following hypothesis is one or two tailed.
‘Social class affects IQ scores.’
Two tailed
True or false: the following hypothesis is one tailed.
‘Social class affects IQ scores.’
False - two tailed
True or false: the following hypothesis is two tailed.
‘Social class affects IQ scores.’
True
Identify if the following hypothesis is one or two tailed.
‘It is easier to remember items which are chunked together than it is to remember individual, unconnected items.’
One tailed
True or false: the following hypothesis is two tailed.
‘It is easier to remember items which are chunked together than it is to remember individual, unconnected items.’
False - one tailed
True or false: the following hypothesis is two tailed.
‘It is easier to remember items which are chunked together than it is to remember individual, unconnected items.’
True
Identify if the following hypothesis is one or two tailed.
‘Stressful experiences increase the likelihood of headaches.’
One tailed
True or false: the following hypothesis is two tailed.
‘Stressful experiences increase the likelihood of headaches.’
False - one tailed
True or false: the following hypothesis is one tailed.
‘Stressful experiences increase the likelihood of headaches.’
True
Identify if the following hypothesis is one or two tailed.
‘Time of day affects alertness’
Two tailed
True or false: the following hypothesis is one tailed.
‘Time of day affects alertness’
False - two tailed
True or false: the following hypothesis is two tailed.
‘Time of day affects alertness’
True
