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Met2 > Hypothalamus + pituitary > Flashcards

Hypothalamus + pituitary Flashcards

1
Q

What is the embryonic origin of the anterior pituitary?

A

Arises from the ectoderm that grows from the roof of the mouth (RATHKE’S POUCH)

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2
Q

What is the embryonic origin of the posterior pituitary?

A

Arises from the diencephalon of the brain

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3
Q

Which of the pituitary hormones do somatostatin and dopamine inhibit?

A

Somatostatin: GH and TSH
Dopamine: Prolactin

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4
Q

What stimulates the pituitary hormone ACTH?

A
  • CRH

- ADH

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5
Q

What stimulates the pituitary hormone FSH?

A
  • kisspeptin

- GnRH

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6
Q

What stimulates the pituitary hormone GH?

A
  • GHRH

- Ghrelin

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7
Q

What stimulates the pituitary hormone TSH?

A
  • TRH
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8
Q

What stimulates the pituitary hormone PRL?

A
  • TRH
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9
Q

Where is the defect in primary and secondary underactivity of thyroid hormone production?

A

Primary: defect in THYROID gland (e.g. Hashimoto’s)
Secondary: defect in PITUITARY (could be due to a tumour)

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10
Q

What does GH stimulate the production of?

A

IGF-1

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11
Q

What is the effect of IGF-1 production on pituitary hormones?

A

IGF-1 produces somatostatin and inhibits GH and GHRH

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12
Q

What is the role of GHRH?

A
  • Promote GH cell clusters
  • Increase GH cell number
  • Increase GH synthesis
  • Stimulate GH release
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13
Q

What is McCune-Albright syndrome?

A
  • spontaneous (somatic) mutation in embryo
  • prevents downregulation of cAMP (interferes with G-protein signalling)
  • Results in:
    1. hyperfunctioning endocrine organs (goitre)
    2. bone deformities
    3. skin discolouration (café au-lait spots)
  • more common in females than males
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14
Q

Describe the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis.

A
  • corticotrophin releasing hormone and ADH in the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary
  • in response the pituitary releases ACTH which stimulates the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex
  • cortisol production results in negative feedback to the hypothalamus and pituitary
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15
Q

Which syndromes are associated with a deficit and excess of cortisol?

A 
Excess = Cushing's syndrome
Deficit = Addison's disease
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16
Q

Explain the 2 different types of Cushing’s syndrome.

A
  1. ACTH independent: ACTH does not impact cortisol levels
    - adrenal tumour can cause inappropriate cortisol release = increased cortisol downstream
  2. ACTH dependent: ACTH levels increase (may be due to pituitary defect such as adenoma)
17
Q

What are the symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Symptoms:

  1. weight gain
  2. muscle weakness
  3. skin changes (dry, flaky skin)
18
Q

Explain the gonadal axis.

A
  • Kisspeptin stimulates GnRH
  • GnRH stimulates LH and FSH
  • LH and FSH are inhibited by inhibin
  • production of LH and FSH = oestrogen and testosterone production in gonads
  • positive feedback mechanism via oestrogen and negative feedback via testosterone

Met2 (26 decks)

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