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Met2 > Endocrine anatomy > Flashcards

Endocrine anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pituitary gland and where is it located?

A
  • an extension of the hypothalamus

- located in the sella turcica

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2
Q

What is the infundibulum?

A

pituitary stalk –> connects the hypothalamus and the pituitary

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3
Q

What is the posterior lobe, what does it secrete?

A

posterior lobe = neurohypophysis

  • a downgrowth of the hypothalamus
  • secretes ADH and oxytocin
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4
Q

What is the anterior lobe, what does it secrete?

A

anterior lobe = adenohypophysis

  • made up of glandular tissue
  • secretes ACTH, TSH, LH, FSH, PRL, GH and MSH
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5
Q

Describe the connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary.

A
  • Neural connection
  • connected by 2 cell bodies:
    1. supraoptic nuclei - secretes ADH
    2. paraventricular nuclei - secretes oxytocin
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6
Q

Describe the connection between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary.

A
  • blood connection
  • ICA –> superior hypophyseal artery –> into the infundibulum –> becomes primary plexus (in hypothalamus) –> hypophyseal portal vein to anterior pituitary –> becomes the secondary plexus –> efferent hypophyseal vein branches off and goes to cavernous sinus
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7
Q

what % of intracranial tumours are pituitary tumours?

A

10-15%

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8
Q

What are the effects of a tumour secreting LH/FSH?

A
  • irregular periods

- reduced libido

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9
Q

What are the effects of a tumour secreting prolactin?

A
  • abnormal periods

- abnormal milk production

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10
Q

What are the effects of a tumour secreting GH?

A
  • gigantism (children)

- acromegaly (adults)

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11
Q

What are the effects of a tumour secreting TSH?

A
  • hyperthyroidism = reduced weight, increased HR, tremors
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12
Q

What are the effects of a tumour secreting ACTH?

A
  • abnormal cortisol production = Cushing’s symptoms
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13
Q

What effects can a pituitary tumour have on vision?

A
  1. Bitemporal hemianopia/loss of peripheral vision due to compression of optic chiasm
  2. Progressive ophthalmoplegia due to compression of CN III, IV and VI
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14
Q

What is the main treatment for pituitary tumours?

A

Removal via surgery (keep as much normal tissue as possible)

May require hormone replacement after

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15
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

between superomedial aspect of kidney and crura of diaphragm

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16
Q

What are the layers of the adrenal cortex, and what is secreted from each layer (outside –> inside)?

A
  1. Zona granulosa = aldosterone
  2. Zona fasciculata = cortisol
  3. Zona reticularis = androgens
17
Q

What is secreted from the adrenal medulla?

A

Adrenaline and noradrenaline

18
Q

Compare the right and left adrenal glands.

A

Right:

  • pyramidal shaped
  • contract with liver and IVC

Left:

  • crescent shaped and larger
  • contact with spleen, stomach and pancreas
19
Q

Describe the blood supply of the adrenal glands.

A
  • superior suprarenal arteries (6-8) –> branch of the inferior phrenic artery (supplies top of adrenal gland)
  • middle suprarenal artery –> branch abdominal aorta near SMA
  • inferior suprarenal artery –> branch of renal artery
  • large suprarenal vein
  • -> right suprarenal drains to IVC
  • -> left suprarenal –> left renal –> IVC
20
Q

At what levels does the thyroid gland lay?

A

C5-T1

21
Q

What is the structure connecting the right and left lobes of the thyroid gland called?

A

Isthmus

22
Q

Describe the blood supply of the thyroid gland.

A
  • gland sits between the common carotids
  • superior thyroid artery descends from the bifurcation of common carotids –> supplies the thyroid
  • inferior thyroid artery is a branch of the thyrocervical artery
  • thyroid can have an IMA that supplies the isthmus
  • superior and middle thyroid veins drain into the internal jugular veins
  • inferior thyroid veins and internal jugular veins drain into the brachiocephalis
  • brachiocephalic drains into the IVC
23
Q

How many parathyroid glands are there? Where are they in relation to the thyroid gland?

A

4 - 2 superior, 2 inferior

- lie posterior to thyroid gland

24
Q

What is the role of the parathyroid glands?

A

Regulate serum calcium levels

- when activated they increase calcium level s

25
Q

What structures must be avoided when performing a thyroidectomy? what is the result of damage to these structures?

A
  1. recurrent laryngeal = dysphonia
  2. Ima artery = post-op haemorrhage and compression fo trachea
  3. parathyroid glands = tetany (intermittent muscular spasms)
26
Q

Describe the blood supply to the pnacreas.

A
  • comes from celiac trunk and SMA
  • splenic artery supplies the spleen - has a branch (transverse pancreatic) supplies the tail, body and neck of pancreas
  • common hepatic artery –> branch called gastroduodenal –> gives off the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery –> supplies head of pancreas
  • inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery (from SMA) that supplies the head and uncinate process
27
Q

What is the effect of gall stones in the body of the gallbladder?

A

asymptomatic

28
Q

What is the effect of gall stones in the neck of the gallbladder/cystic duct?

A

stops bile flow from the gallbladder but not the liver = pain after meal (biliary colic)

29
Q

What is the effect of gall stones in the common bile duct?

A

stop flow of bile from the gallbladder and the liver =

  1. jaundice
  2. biliary colic
30
Q

What is the effect of gall stones in the sphincter of Oddi/hepatoduodenal ampulla?

A

stop bile flow and pancreatic enzymes =

  1. biliary colic
  2. jaundice
  3. pancreatitis

Met2 (26 decks)

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