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Human development block > Hypothalamus & Pituitary > Flashcards

Hypothalamus & Pituitary Flashcards

1
Q

List 6 hormones produced by the anterior pituitary.

A

prolactin,FSH,LH,ACTH, GH,TSH

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2
Q

List the hypothalamic releasing/inhibiting hormones and give their chemical nature&function

A
  • Corticotrophin releasing hormone= 41 Amino acids
  • Gonadotrophin releasing hormone= 10AA’s
  • prolactin releasing hormone
  • prolactin inhibitory factor= dopamine
  • growth hormone releasing hormone=40/44 AA’s
  • growth hormone release inhibiting hormone (somatostatin)= 14AA’S
  • Thyrotropin releasing hormone=3AA’s
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3
Q

List the cell types present in the anterior pituitary

A

corticotroph, gonadotroph, lactotroph/mammotroph, somatotroph,thyrotroph

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4
Q

What is the role of portal vessels in the transport of trophic hormones?

A

Portal vessels carry trophic hormones directly to the anterior pituitary

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5
Q

What is the role of neurons in the transport of trophic hormones?

A

Neurons synthesizing trophic hormones release them into capillaries of the portal system

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6
Q

What is the role of endocrine cells in the transport of trophic hormones?

A

Endocrine cells release their hormones into the second set of capillaries for distribution to the rest of the body.

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7
Q

What are some of the actions of prolactin?

A
  • In pregnancy promotes additional breast development and suppresses menstrual cycle
  • Post-partum stimulates milk production
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8
Q

What can hyperprolactinaemia cause?

A
  • galactorrhea-milk secretion from breast
  • gynaecomastia-excess breast growth in males
  • infertility in males& females
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9
Q

What treatments are available for hyperprolactinaemia?

A

Dopamine inhibits prolactin secretion via D2 receptors. So treatment involves D2 agonists cabergoline& bromocriptine

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10
Q

What are some of the actions of growth hormone

A
  • growth of long bones until fusion of epiphyses
  • increase in size of viscera
  • anti-insulin effects
  • metabolic effects related to growth
  • anabolic for protein
  • catabolic for fats and carbohydrates
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11
Q

What is the chemical structure of prolactin

A

198 AA’s

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12
Q

What is the chemical structure of GH

A

191 AA’s

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13
Q

What clinical conditions may result from hypersecretion of GH

A
  • gigantism BEFORE fusion of the epiphyses

- acromegaly AFTER fusion of the epiphyses

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14
Q

What clinical conditions may result from hyposecretion of GH

A
  • short stature BEFORE fusion of the epiphyses

- adult growth hormone deficiency AFTER fusion of the epiphyses

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15
Q

When are the most frequent episodic peaks of GH secretion?

A

At night time, when you are sleeping.

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16
Q

What treatments are available for acromegaly?

A
  • Trans-sphenoidal surgery ( cos its usually due to a tumor)
  • D2 agonists: bromocriptine/carbegoline
  • long acting somatostatin analogues SSTR2 agonists: octrotride,lanreotide
  • SSTR5 agonists agonist: pasireotide
17
Q

What are the treatments available for small stature?

A

-treat with recombinant hGH (somatropin) or recombinant hIGF-1 (mecasermin)

18
Q

What are the structural characteristics of posterior pituitary hormones?

A
  • composed of 9 AA’s each and have two differences between them in their polypeptide chains
  • synthesised with neurophysin as precursor in cell bodies in SON and PVN of hypothalamus
  • associated with neurophysin I (oxytocin) or neurophysin II (arginine vasopressin =AVP/ADH)
  • 80% SON neurons release AVP, PVN more diverse.
19
Q

What are the actions of ADH?

A

Maintains BP via actions on….

  • fluid balance: increased water re-absorption (V2)
  • blood vessels: vasoconstriction (V1)
20
Q

What are the actions of oxytocin?

A
  • Uterus: causes contraction
  • Mammary gland: milk ejection
  • LOVE HORMONE( responsible for human behaviors associated with relationships and bonding.)
  • Most commonly used to help mothers produce contractions in labor and control bleeding
  • Positive feedback mechanism
21
Q

Which hormones are stored and released by the posterior pituitary

A

Oxytocin& ADH

22
Q

What is the function of aromatase

A
  • An enzyme that converts androgens into oestrogens

- Aromatase is mainly produced by fatty tissue

23
Q

What properties do insulin & GH share

A
  • Protein anabolic properties

- Other than that they pretty much have opposite effects

Human development block (35 decks)

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