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Endocrine > Hypothalamus and the Pituitary > Flashcards

Hypothalamus and the Pituitary Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

The pituitary gland is located in the hypohyseal fossa of the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone.

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2
Q

What connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?

A

A stalk called the infundibulum

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3
Q

What is the embryology of the anterior pituitary gland?

A

The anterior pituitary is derived from the ectoderm of rathke’s pouch.

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4
Q

What is the embryology of the posterior pituitary gland?

A

The posterior pituitary gland originates from downward extension of the neural ectoderm from the floor of the diencephalon.

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5
Q

What are the 5 cells of the anterior pituitary?

A 
Somatotrophs
Corticotrophs
Gonadotrophs 
Lactotrophs
Thyrotrophs
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6
Q

What do somatotrophs secrete?

A

Somatotropin aka Growth hormone

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7
Q

Where is growth hormone secreted from?

A

Somatotrophs in the anterior pituitary

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8
Q

What do corticotrophs secrete?

A

ACTH and MSH

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9
Q

What do lactotrophs secrete?

A

Prolactin

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10
Q

What do gonadotrophs secrete?

A

The two gonadotropins:
LH
FSH

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11
Q

What do thyrotrophs secrete?

A

TSH and thyrotropin

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12
Q

What regulates the release of growth hormone?

A

GHRH

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13
Q

What is GHRH also known as?

A

Somatocrinin

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14
Q

What regulates release of TSH?

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)

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15
Q

What controls the secretion of hormones form the pituitary gland?

A

Hypothalamus

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16
Q

What regulates release of ACTH?

A

CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone)

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17
Q

What regulates release of prolactin?

A

PRL (prolactin releasing hormone)

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18
Q

What regulates release of LH and FHS?

A

GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone)

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19
Q

What are the two inhibitory hormones the hypothalamus produces that act on the anterior pituitary?

A

GHIH (growth homrone inhibiting hormone aka somatostatin)

PIH (prolactin inhibiting hormone)

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20
Q

What is prolactin inhibiting hormone also known as?

A

Dopamine

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21
Q

How does dopamine affect prolactin secretion?

A

Dopamine inhibits the secretion of prolactin

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22
Q

What is a portal system?

A

A portal system is where two capillary beds are connected by veins

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23
Q

Explain how the hypophyseal portal system works.

A
  1. Hypothalamic neurones secrete releasing or inhibitory hormones into the primary capillary plexus.
  2. The hypothalamic hormones travel through portal veins to the anterior pituitary.
  3. Here the hormones stimulate or inhibit the release of anterior pituitary hormones.
  4. In response to releasing hormones the anterior pituitary secretes hormones into the secondary capillary plexus. This then empties into the general circulation.
24
Q

What are the effects of growth hormone?

A

Growth hormone has both direct effects on metabolism and indirect effects on body growth through insulin-like growth factors.

25
Q

What do insulin-like growth factors do?

A

IGF’s increase the growth of bones and soft tissue.

26
Q

How do IGF’s stimulate bone growth?

A

IGF’s stimulate osteobloasts and promote cell division at the epiphyseal plates.

27
Q

How do IGF’s cause soft tissue growth?

A

IGF’s increase the uptake of amino acids into cells and accelerate protein synthesis.

28
Q

What are the direct effects of growth hormone?

A
  1. Enhance lipolysis in adipose tissue
    - –> this produced fatty acids for atp production
  2. Decreased glucose uptake
    - –> saves glucose for neurons during glucose shortage
    - –> stimulates the liver to secrete glucose into the blood
29
Q

What conditions in the body trigger the release of GHRH?

A
  1. Hypoglycemia
  2. Low levels of fatty acid in the blood
  3. High levels of amino acids in the blood
  4. Sleep
30
Q

What triggers the release of GHIH?

A
  1. Hyperglycemia
  2. High levels of fatty acids in the blood
  3. Low levels of amino acids in the blood
  4. High levels of GH and IGF’s in the blood
31
Q

What does TSH do?

A

Stimulate T3 and T4 production in the thyroid gland.

32
Q

What triggers TSH release?

A

TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormone)

33
Q

What does FSH do in women?

A

FSH initiates the development of ovarian follicles, the ovarian follicles secrete oestrogen.

34
Q

What does FSH do in men?

A

FSH triggers spermatogenesis in the sertoli cells of the testes.

35
Q

What controls FSH release?

A

GnRH

36
Q

What controls the negative feedback of GnRH?

A

GnRH release is suppressed by oestrogen in the blood of women and testosterone in the blood of men.

37
Q

What does lutenizing hormone do in women?

A
  1. Lutenizing hormone triggers ovulation, and the release of a secondary oocyte by an ovary.
  2. Formation of the corpus luteum, and the secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum.
  3. LH also promotes the secretion of oestrogen by ovarian cells
38
Q

What secretes progesterone?

A

Corpus luteum and the placenta

39
Q

What does lutenizing hormone do in men?

A

Stimulates testosterone production in the testes.

40
Q

How does menstruation affect prolactin levels in women?

A
  1. PIH levels in the blood decrease
  2. Prolactin levels in the blood therefore rise
  3. This is the cause of breast tenderness in women during menstruation
41
Q

What does ACTH control?

A

The release of cortisol and other glucocorticoids in the adrenal gland.

42
Q

What triggers ACTH release?

A

CRH in response to:

  1. Stress
  2. Low blood glucose
  3. Interleukin-1
43
Q

What does MSH do?

A

MSH increases skin pigmentation by stimulating melanin production in melanocytes.

44
Q

What does excessive CRH do?

A

Stimulate excessive ACTH and MSH production leading to Addison’s disease.

45
Q

What originally synthesise oxytocin and ADH?

A

Neurosecretory cells in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus.

46
Q

How are oxytocin and ADH transferred from the hypothalamus to posterior pituitary pituitary?

A
  1. Oxytocin and ADH are produced by neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus
  2. Oxytocin and ADH are then packaged into vesicles
  3. The vesicles then move by axonal transport along the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract to axon terminals in the posterior pituitary where they are stored unti they are need.
47
Q

How are oxytocin and ADH released into the blood?

A
  1. The hypothalamus releases nerve impulses to the posterior pituitary.
  2. The impulses causes exocytosis and release of oxytocin and ADH into the blood stream via the inferior hypophyseal artery, the capillary plexus of the infundibular process and the hypophyseal vein.
48
Q

What are oxytocins main two target tissues relating to child birth?

A

Uterus and mammary glands

49
Q

What change to the uterus causes release of oxytocin?

A

Stretching of the cervix of the uterus causes release of oxytocin

50
Q

How does oxytocin affect the uterus?

A

Oxytocin enhances the contraction of smooth muscle cells in the wall of the uterus.

51
Q

How does oxytocin affect the mammary glands?

A

Stimulates ejection of milk in the presence of a suckling infant.

52
Q

What is ADH also known as?

A

Vasopressin

53
Q

What does ADH do?

A
  1. Causes the kidneys to return more water to the blood increasing blood volume and thus pressure.
  2. Constricts arterioles increasing blood pressure
54
Q

What stimulates ADH secretion?

A
  1. Increased blood osmolarity

2. Decreased blood volume

55
Q

What does interleukin-1 stimulate secretion of?

A

ACTH

56
Q

What are the superior and inferior hypophyseal veins branches of?

A

Internal carotid artery

Endocrine (11 decks)

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