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Endocrine > Anatomy of the Endocrine System > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Define an exocrine gland

A

Exocrine glands have ducts and secrete onto a surface e.g the sebaceous glands of the skin.

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2
Q

Define an endocrine gland

A

Do not have ducts and secrete hormones directly into the blood stream e.g thyroid

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3
Q

What hormones does the thyroid gland secrete?

A

Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Thyrocalcitonin

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4
Q

What do T3 and T4 do?

A

Increase metabolic activity

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5
Q

What does thyrocalcitonin do?

A

Lowers the levels of blood calcium

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6
Q

What does the isthmus of the thyroid do?

A

Connects it’s two lateral lobes

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7
Q

What is the pyramidal lobe?

A

Remnant of embryological development of the thyroid gland

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8
Q

What cells secrete parathyroid hormone?

A

Chief cells

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9
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands located?

A

4 small endocrine glands found on the posterior of the thyroid

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10
Q

What does parathyroid hormone do?

A

Increases blood calcium levels

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11
Q

How does parathyroid hormone increase blood calcium levels?

A
  1. Mobilises bone calcium to increase calcium levels in the blood.
  2. Stimulates absorption of dietary calcium from the small intestine.
  3. Stimulates the reabsorption of calcium in the kidney
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12
Q

When does embryological thyroid development begin?

A

Week 3

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13
Q

Explain the embryological development of the thyroid.

A
  1. Endodermal thickening at the back of the tongue
  2. Thickening leads to a diverticulum
  3. Diverticulum grows inferiorly into the mesenchyme where it forms the thyroglossal duct.
  4. Thyroglossal duct elongates and grows becoming bilobed.
  5. Thyroglossal duct solidifies becoming a solid cord of cells
  6. Bilobed portions grow to form the thyroid gland
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14
Q

What is a diverticulum?

A

Outgrowth

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15
Q

What is the remnant of the thyroglossal duct known as?

A

Pyramidal lobe

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16
Q

What is the foramen cecum?

A

Site of origin of the thyroid gland, located at the back of the tongue.

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17
Q

How do thyroglossal cysts form?

A

Thyroglossal duct fails to close properly allowing secretion of mucus down the duct, this forms a cyst which usually needs to be removed surgically.

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18
Q

What proportion of the pancreas has an endocrine function?

A

5%

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19
Q

Where are the endocrine cells of the pancreas located?

A

Islets of langerhans

20
Q

What are the primary hormones secreted by the pancreas?

A
  1. Gastrin
  2. Glucagon
  3. Insulin
  4. Somatostatin
  5. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide
21
Q

What does gastrin do?

A

Stimulates the secretion of gastric acid by parietal cells of the stomach.

22
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

Raises blood glucose through gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in the liver.

23
Q

What does insulin do?

A

Promotes absorption of glucose form the blood into liver, fat and skeletal muscle cells.

24
Q

What does somatostatin do?

A
  1. Inhibitory hormone that suppresses the release of gastrointestinal hormones and pancreatic hormones.
  2. Reduces smooth muscle contractions and blood flow to the small intestine.
  3. Suppresses appetite and digestion.
25
Q

What does VIP do?

A
  1. Induces smooth muscle relaxation, and secretion of water in pancreatic juice and bile.
  2. Potent vasodilator
26
Q

Where is erythropoetin produced?

A

JGA in the kidneys

27
Q

What does EPO cause?

A

Causes HSC differentiation into RBC’s

28
Q

What does HSC mean?

A

Haemopoeitic stem cell

29
Q

When is EPO used?

A

In the end stage of kidney failure to treat anaemia.

Performance enhancing drugs - cyclists

30
Q

What is anaemia?

A

Lack of iron in the blood leads to a lack of production in the number of RBC’s

31
Q

What is the RAAS system?

A
  1. Renin is produced by the kidneys in response to decreased blood pressure.
  2. Renin travels to the liver where it converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin 1.
  3. Angiotensin 1 travels in the blood to the lungs.
  4. ACE is present in the lungs and converts angiotensin 1 into angiotensin 2.
  5. Angiotensin 2 causes vasoconstriction and stimulates aldosterone production in the adrenal gland.
32
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

Aldosterone acts on the kidneys causing increased sodium and water retention. This increases blood volume which in turn increase blood pressure.

33
Q

What does angiotensin 2 do?

A
  1. Potent vasoconstrictor
  2. Acts on g-protein coupled receptors in the kidneys stimulating Na+ reabsorption.
  3. Stimulates aldosterone production in the adrenal gland.
34
Q

What is the shape of the right adrenal gland?

A

Pyramid shaped

35
Q

What is the shape of the left adrenal gland?

A

Crescent shaped

36
Q

What is produced by the cortex of the adrenal gland?

A

Mineralcorticoids such as aldosterone
Glucocorticoids such as cortisol
Androgens involved in the development of the male sex organs

37
Q

What are the three regions of the adrenal cortex?

in order

A

Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis

38
Q

What does the zona glomerulosa release?

A

Mineral corticoids such as aldosterone

39
Q

What does the zona fasciculata produce?

A

Glucocorticoids such as cortisol

40
Q

What does the zona reticularis produce?

A

Androgens such as DHEA

41
Q

What is produced by the adrenal medulla?

A

The catecholamines Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

42
Q

What is the blood supply to the pituitary gland?

A

Superior and inferior hypophyseal arteries (branches of the internal carotid)
Hypophyseal veins

43
Q

Where do the hypophyseal veins of the pituitary gland drain into?

A

Cavernous sinuses

44
Q

How does communication from the hypothalamus to the anterior and posterior pituitary differ?

A

Anterior pituitary sends hormones in the nervous system directly to the anterior pituitary in the blood stream.
Posterior pituitary - receives inhibitory or stimulatory impulses from nerve cells in the hypothalamus.

45
Q

What does the pineal gland do?

A

Secrete melatonin and establish circadian rhythms

Endocrine (11 decks)

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