Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland Flashcards

1
Q

How do the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary connect?

A

Hypothalamus secretes into the Median eminence, which has a vascular link to the A.P. via Hypophyseal portal system.

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2
Q

How many nuclei does the Hypothalamus have?

A

6

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3
Q

What is SF-1? Why is it important?

A

Steroidogenic Factor 1. It is important for sex differentiation in Ventro-medial nucleus of Hypothalamus.

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4
Q

What are the main hormones released from the hypothalamus? (7)

A

GHRH, TRH, CRH, SST, DA, GnRH, Vasopressin.

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5
Q

What is GnRH? What kind of hormone is it? Where is it from? What is it’s receptor? What does it do?

A

Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone. It is a peptide hormone from the Hypothalamus. It uses a GPCR to act on the A.P and effect LH and FSH release. Its receptor cannot be switched off, as it is missing a C terminal tail.

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6
Q

What is GHRH? What kind of hormone is it? Where is it from? What is it’s receptor? What does it do?

A

Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone. It is a peptide hormone released from the Hypothalamus. It controls the secretion of Growth Hormone from A.P.

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7
Q

What is Somatostatin? What kind of hormone is it? Where is it from? What is it’s receptor? What does it do?

A

Somatostatin is a peptide hormone from the Hypothalamus (also made in delta cells of Pancreas). It has GPCR. It negatively affects GH and TSH release.

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8
Q

What is TRH? What kind of hormone is it? Where is it from? What is it’s receptor? What does it do?

A

Thyrotrophin Releasing Hormone. It is a peptide hormome from the Hypothalamus. It acts via GPCR. It positively acts on TSH and PRL secretion from A.P.

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9
Q

What is DA? What kind of hormone is it? Where is it from? What is it’s receptor? What does it do?

A

Dopamine is a peptide hormone released from the Hypothalamus. It has a GPCR. It tonically inhibits prolactin (decrease DA, decrease PRL).

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10
Q

What is CRH/CRF? What kind of hormone is it? Where is it from? What is it’s receptor? What does it do?

A

Corticotrophin Releasing Hormone/Factor. It is a peptide hormone which acts on A.P. to cause positive secretion of MSH and ACTH.

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11
Q

What are the two parts of the pituitary gland?

A

Anterior and Posterior

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12
Q

Where do the two parts of the Pituitary develop from?

A

Anterior - Oral Ectoderm

Posterior - Neuroectoderm

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13
Q

What hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary?

A

Oxytocin, Vasopressin

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14
Q

What are the 5 important cell types in the anterior pituitary?

A

Gonadotroph, Lactotroph, Corticotroph, Thyrotroph, Somatotroph

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15
Q

What are the main anterior pituitary hormones? (7)

A

LH, FSH, TSH, ACTH, MSH, GH, PRL

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16
Q

What are LH and FSH? What controls their secretion? Where are they released from?

A

They are glycoprotein hormones produced by gonadotrophs. GnRH has positive effect on their secretion. They are released from A.P.

17
Q

What does LH do?

A

In male, LH stimulates testosterone secretion in the Leydig cells. In the female, with FSH it stimulates oestradiol synth, and the formation of CL.

18
Q

What does FSH do?

A

In male, it stimulates spermatogenesis. In the female, it stimulates follicle growth and oestrogen synth.

19
Q

What is GH? What controls it’s secretion? Where is it released from? What type of receptor does it use? What does it do?

A

Growth hormone is a peptide hormone released from the A.P, produced in somatotrophs. GHRH has positive effect on release, SST has negative effect on its release. It affects overall growth. It has a JAK-STAT receptor.

20
Q

How does IGF affect GH?

A

GH effects on liver and muscle are mediated by insulin like growth factors.

21
Q

What is TSH? What controls it’s secretion? Where is it released from? What type of receptor does it use? What does it do?

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone is a glycoprotein hormone released from A.P. TRH has a positive effect on secretion, but SST has a negative effect on its secretion. It stimulates T3/T4 production.

22
Q

What is Prolactin? What controls it’s secretion? Where is it released from? What type of receptor does it use? What does it do?

A

Prolactin is a peptide hormone released from the A.P. It uses a JAK-STAT receptor. TRH has a positive effect on secretion, Dopamine tonically inhibits it. It regulates lactation in primed mammary gland.

23
Q

What is ACTH? What controls it’s secretion? Where is it released from? What type of receptor does it use? What does it do?

A

Adrenocorticotrophin Hormone is released from the A.P by corticotrophs. It uses a GPCR (MC2-R). It causes the release of adrenal hormones e.g. cortisol, aldosterone, androgens.

24
Q

What is Agromegaly?

A

A disease caused by increase of GH. Often associated with lots of tumours.

25
Q

Where is Vasopressin made? Where is Vasopressin secreted?

A

Vasopressin is made in the Hypothalamus, and is secreted from the P.P.

26
Q

What is the POMC gene?

A

The POMC gene is a gene that is affect by CRH. It encodes many different substances e.g. ACTH and MSH.

27
Q

What is MHC? What controls it’s secretion? Where is it released from? What type of receptor does it use? What does it do?

A

Melanocyte stimulating hormone is a peptide hormone that is involved with the production of skin pigmentation. It uses GPCR (MC1-R). It is released by corticotrophs.