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Endocrine > Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland > Flashcards

Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland Flashcards

1
Q

What is the infundibulum?

A

It is the stalk that conencts the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland

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2
Q

What type of communication exists between the pituitatary gland and the hypothalamus?

A

Both endocrine and neural communication (described as neuroendocrine function)

Endocrine portion: Anterior pituitary

Neural portion: Posterior pituitary

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3
Q

Which bone houses the pituitary gland?

A

The sphenoid bone

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4
Q

Give examples of the integrative functions of the hypothalamus

A

Cold

Stress

Metabolic Demand

Hydration Status

Exercise

Day/night

Menstrual Cycle

Sleep

Breastfeeding

Pregnancy

Puberty

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5
Q

Give examples of the integrative functions of the pituitary gland

A

Adrenal function

Thyroid function

Gonadal function

Lactation

Parturition (giving birth)

Growth

Water balance

Metabolism

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6
Q

Define trophic hormone

A

Trophic hormones govern the release of another hormone

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7
Q

What type of hormones does the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary release?

A

Trophic and non-trophic hormones

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8
Q

What is responsible for the release of neurohormones?

A

The hypothalamus

Posterior pituitary (from the hypothalamus)

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9
Q

What type of hormones are released from the anterior pituitary?

A

Classic endocrine hormones

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10
Q

What are the two forms of the hypothalamic neurohormones?

A

Trophic and non-trophic

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11
Q

What is the travel of the trophic hormones released by the hypothalamus?

A

They are secreted into the capillaries and travel to the anterior pituitary.

They govern the release of anterior pituitary hormones

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12
Q

What is the travel of non-trophic hypothalamic neurohormones?

A

Produced in the hypothalamus and travel to posterior pituitary (via axons of hypothalamic neurons where thay are released into the blood)

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13
Q

Give examples of hypothalamic releasing hormones (trophic hormones that stimulate the release of anterior pituitary hormones)

A

–Thyrotrophin Releasing Hormone (TRH)

–Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH)

–Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH)

–Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

–Prolactin Releasing Hormone (PRH)

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14
Q

Give two examples of hypothalamic inhibiting hormones

A

–Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH) aka somatostatin

–Dopamine aka Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone (PIH)

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15
Q

What type of molecules are these trophic hormones?

A

All are peptides apart from dopamine

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16
Q

Describe how the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system works

A

It is the structure that allows the passage of trophic hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary. It is a network of tiny vessels.

Neurosecretory neurones release hormones at the median eminance

Very few neurones are needed and very small amounts of hormones are required

The distance is very short and dynamic

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17
Q

What is the tissue orogin for the anterior and posterior pituitary?

A

Anterior - Epithelial origin

Posterior - Neural tissue origin

18
Q

How is the anterior and posterior pituitary connected to the hypothalamus?

A

Anterior - via capillary portal system

Posterior - neural connections

19
Q

What hormones does the posterior pituitary release?

A

It releases neurohormones made in the hypothalamus

20
Q

What is the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis?

A

Anterior - adenohypophysis

Posterior - neurohypophysis

21
Q

What makes up 2/3rds of the pituitary gland?

A

Anterior portion

22
Q

What is the structure of the hypothalamic - hypophyseal portal system?

A

Two capillary beds connected in series

23
Q

What controls the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary?

A

The hypothalamus

By trophic hormones

Either stimulate or inhibit hormone production

24
Q

What type of hormones are relased from the anterior pituitary?

A

6 hormones are released from the anterior pituitary gland, all peptides;

5 of these are also trophic hormones

REMEMBER: Both the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland are capable of releasing both trophic and non-trophic hormones

25
Q

What are the anterior pituitary hormones?

A
  1. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) aka thyrotrophin
  2. Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH) aka corticotrophin
  3. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
  4. Luteinising Hormone (LH)
  5. Growth Hormone (GH)
  6. Prolactin

The first five are classed as trophic hormones because they control secretion of other endocrine glands and have direct or indirect effects in promoting growth

26
Q

Where do endocrine cells release their hormones?

A

They release their hormones into the second set of capillaries for distribution to the rest of the body

27
Q

What is the destination for Prolactin, GH, TSH, ACTH and gonadotrophins?

A

Prolactin - Mammary glands

GH - Musculoskeletal system

TSH - Thyroid gland

ACTH - Adrenal Cortex

Gonadotrophins - Ovary and testis

28
Q

What is the effect of the anterior pituitary hormones?

A

Prolactin - Lactation (direct effect)

Thyroid stimulating hormone - Thyroid hormone release (trophic)

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone - cortisol release (trophic)

Growth hormone - causes IGF-1 release from liver (trophic) and tissue metabolism (direct)

Follicle stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone: Gonads - regulation of reproductive function (direct) and sex hormone release (trophic)

29
Q

What are the three integration centres which are involved in anterior pituitary feedback control?

A

Hypothalamus

Anterior pituitary

Target Endocrine cell

30
Q

What acts as the negative feedback signal?

A

The hormones themselves

Inhibits hormone secretion by integrating centres earlier in the reflex

31
Q

What is the long loop feedback and the short loop feedback?

A

Long - loop = Feedback from endocrine target

Short - loop = Feedback from anterior pituitary to hypothalamus

32
Q

Give an example of direct feedback from a physiological response (independant of pituitary control)

A

Parathyroid hormone

Target organ is the kidney and the bone

Increased calcium resorption in both organs

Production of calcitrol which leads to an increase in the intestinal absorption of Ca+

33
Q

What are the two hormones that the posterior pituitary stores and releases?

A

Two neurohormones:

Vasopressing (ADH)

Oxytocin

34
Q

Where are the post pituitary hormones synthesised?

A

In the magnocellular neurones which have thier cell bodies in specific areas of the hypothalamus

Magnocellar neurones are composed of different subsets and so either make vasopressin or oxytocin

35
Q

Where do the neurones terminals end that project down the infundibulum to the posterior pituitary?

A

End directly on the capillaries

36
Q

When thinking about vasopressin:

What is the main function?

What triggers its release?

Where is the site/mode of action?

A

What is the main function?

Regulates water balance

What triggers its release?

Increase in plasma osmolarity

Decrease in plasma volume/blood pressure

Where is the site/mode of action?

Kidney collecting ducts (increases water reabsorption)

Vascular smooth muscle (increases blood pressure)

37
Q

When thinking about oxytocin:

What is the main function?

What triggers its release?

Where is the site/mode of action?

A

What is the main function?

Milk ejection and uterine contraction

What triggers its release?

Labour (baby’s head against cervix)

Suckling

Where is the site/mode of action?

Milk duct smooth muscle (contracts muscle, ejecting milk)

Uterine smooth muscle (child brith)

38
Q

Summary of oxytocin and vasopressin

A
39
Q

Give definitions of the following endocrine disorders:

Hyporesponsiveness

Hypersecretion

Hyporesponsiveness

Hyperresponsiveness

1st degree disorders

2nd degree disorders

3rd degree disorders

A

hyposecretion: too little hormone secreted
hypersecretion: too much hormone secreted
hyporesponsiveness: reduced response of the target cell
hyperreponsiveness: increased response of the target cell

1° disorders are those in which the defect is in the cells that secrete the hormone

2° disorders are those in which there is too little or too much trophic hormone from pituitary

3° disorders relate to hypothalamic defects

40
Q

What causes hyporesponsiveness?

A

Alterations in receptor for hormone, disordered post-receptor events of failure of metabolic activation of hormone (where this is required for function)

Hyperresponsiveness: could be due to permissive effects e.g. Thyroid hormone ++ adrenaline mediated lipolysis.

41
Q
A

Endocrine (25 decks)

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