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Endocrinology semester 1 > hypothalamus and pituitary > Flashcards

hypothalamus and pituitary Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up the endocrine system?

A

the endocrine system consists of ductless glands that secrete into the blood.

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2
Q

what do endocrine glands secrete?

A

hormones

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3
Q

what is a hormone?

A

A compound that is secreted by one cell and travels through the circulatory system to affect the activities of cells in another part of the body

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4
Q

what processes does the endocrine system control?

A

processes that require durations rather than speed.

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5
Q

what does the endocrine system play a role in?

A

Important in maintaining homeostasis and other functions such as growth and reproduction

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6
Q

what is endocrine action?

A

mediators released into blood to have action at distant cells

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7
Q

what is paracrine action?

A

mediators released to have effects on neighbouring cells

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8
Q

what is autocrine action?

A

mediators released to have effects on the same cell

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9
Q

what are hormones?

A

chemical messenger secreted into blood to act on distant target cells

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10
Q

what are neurohormones?

A

hormone released by neurons.

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11
Q

what are some examples of neurohormones?

A

ADH, Oxytocin

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12
Q

what are autacoids or local hormones?

A

chemical messenger that have paracrine action

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13
Q

examples of autacoids?

A

histamine, Ecosanoids

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14
Q

what are neurotransmitters?

A

chemical messenger released from the nerve terminals at the synaptic sites in response to action potential

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15
Q

what do neurotransmitters do?

A

they act locally on the post synaptic site on adjoining target cells which may be muscle, gland or another neuron

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16
Q

what are neuromodulators?

A

Chemical messenger which act on neuron at non synaptic sites to bring changes in the nerve cell.

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17
Q

what are some of the major endocrine glands?

A 
pineal
hypothalamus 
pituitary 
thyroid 
parathyroid
thymus
adrenal
pancreas
ovary and testes
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18
Q

what are the 3 main categories of hormones?

A

peptides and protein
steroids
derivatives of amino acid tyrosine

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19
Q

what are some examples of peptides and protein hormones?

A

Pituitary hormones, insulin, glucagon, parathormone

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20
Q

which steroid hormones does the adrenal cortex secrete?

A

cortisol and aldosterone

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21
Q

which steroid hormones do the ovaries and the placenta secrete?

A

oestrogen and progesterone

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22
Q

which steroid hormone do the testes secrete?

A

testosterone

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23
Q

what are the examples of the derivatives of tyrosine hormones?

A

Thyroxine and triiodothyronine

Catecholamines: Epinephrine and norepinephrine

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24
Q

what are the steps in the synthesis of peptide and protein hormones?

A

preprohormone –> prohormone –> active hormone + scraps protein

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25
Q

where is preprohormone synthesised?

A

in the endoplasmic reticulum

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26
Q

what happens to the prohormone?

A

it is packed into secretory vesicles by the golgi complex

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27
Q

what happens to the active hormone?

A

it is stored in secretory vesicles until released

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28
Q

are peptide and protein hormones hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

hydrophilic

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29
Q

do peptide and protein hormones need plasma protein binding for transport?

A

no, plasma protein binding is not essential for transportation of peptide and protein hormones.

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30
Q

where are the receptors for peptide and protein hormones on their target cells?

A

on the surface, they cannot diffuse into the target cells.

31
Q

how do peptide and protein hormones function?

A

they function by either activating send messenger system, or changing ion channel permeability

32
Q

do peptide and protein hormones have a long or short duration of action?

A

short duration of action

33
Q

what is the precursor for steroid hormones?

A

cholesterol

34
Q

what are the steps in the synthesis of steroid hormones?

A

cholesterol –> pregnenolone –> to the different steroid hormones

35
Q

what determines what type of steroid hormone will be synthesised?

A

Pregnenolone is then converted to different steroid hormones in different steroidogenic organ depending on the set of enzymes that the organ contain.

36
Q

are steroid hormones hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

hydrophobic

37
Q

how are steroid hormones transported in the blood?

A

bound to plasma proteins

38
Q

where are the receptors on the target cells of steroid hormones?

A

the receptors are in cytoplasm or nucleus, steroid hormones can diffuse into the target cells

39
Q

how do steroid hormones function?

A

by activating specific gene in the target cell to cause the formation of new protein

40
Q

do steroid hormones have a short or long duration of action?

A

long duration of action

41
Q

are steroid hormones stored before being secreted?

A

no they are released into the blood as soon as they are synthesised

42
Q

are thyroxine and triiodothyronine hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

highly hydrophobic

43
Q

what are the properties of thyroxine and triiodothyronine

A

properties are similar to steroids hormones except that special mechanism exist to store this hormone in the thyroid gland

44
Q

are epinephrine and norepinephrine hydrophobic and hydrophilic?

A

they are small hydrophilic molecules

45
Q

what are the properties of epinephrine and norepinephrine?

A

properties are similar to that of peptide hormones

46
Q

how is the secretion of hormones regulated?

A

feed back loops - most common is negative feedback

47
Q

what is the hypothalamus?

A

the part of the brain which lies below the thalamus is the main centre responsible for homeostasis

48
Q

what does the hypothalamus do?

A

the hypothalamus receives information about the state of the body from various inputs

49
Q

where does the hypothalamus receive information from?

A

nucleus of the solitary tract, reticular formation, retina, circumventricular organs, limbic and olfactory systems

50
Q

does the hypothalamus receive information intrinsically?

A

yes, the hypothalamus also has some intrinsic receptors, including thermoreceptors and osmoreceptors to monitor temperature and ionic balance, respectively.

51
Q

how does the hypothalamus make the required adjustments?

A

neural signals to the autonomic system

endocrine signals to/through the pituitary

52
Q

what is the pituitary gland (hypophysis)?

A

A small gland, 1 cm in diameter and about 0.5 g in weight that lies in sella turcia, a bony cavity

53
Q

why is the pituitary gland known as the master gland?

A

it controls most endocrine functions

54
Q

what type of hormones are released from the pituitary gland?

A

most hormones released by the pituitary gland are tropic hormones

55
Q

what are the 2 distinct portions of the pituitary gland?

A 
anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)
posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)
56
Q

where does the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) originate from?

A

Rathke’s pouch, a pharyngeal epithelium.

57
Q

where does the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) originate from?

A

it is actually an extension of the hypothalamus

58
Q

how is secretion from the pituitary controlled?

A

it is controlled by the hypothalamus.

59
Q

what does the posterior pituitary consist of?

A

the axons of 2 groups of hypothalamic secretary neurones

60
Q

what does the posterior pituitary secrete?

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin

61
Q

what produces ADH?

A

Neurons with cell bodies in supraoptic nuclei

62
Q

what produces oxytocin?

A

Neurons with cell bodies in paraventricular nuclei

63
Q

what hormones does the anterior pituitary secrete?

A 
growth hormone (GH)
adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)
thyroid stimulating hormone/thyrotropine (TSH) 
Prolactin (PRL)
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
luteinising hormone (LH)
64
Q

which cell type secretes GH?

A

somatotropes

65
Q

what cell type secretes ACTH?

A

corticotropes

66
Q

what cell type secretes TSH?

A

thyrotropes

67
Q

what cell type secretes LH and FSH?

A

Gonadotropes

68
Q

what cell type secretes PLR?

A

lactotropes

69
Q

what do the neurones within the hypothalamus secrete?

A

hormones that control secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary

70
Q

what are the hypothalamic hormones referred to as?

A

releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones

71
Q

how are the hypothalamic hormones transported?

A

carried directly to the anterior pituitary gland via hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal veins.

72
Q

how do the hypothalamic hormones function?

A

Specific hypothalamic hormones bind to receptors on specific anterior pituitary cells, modulating the release of the hormone they produce.

73
Q

what makes up an endocrine axis?

A

Each endocrine axis consists of a hypothalamic factor(s), its pituitary target cell type and the ultimate target gland(s).

74
Q

what are the examples of the hypothalamus pituitary axes?

A 
Hypothalamus-Pituitary Growth Hormone Axis
Hypothalamus-Pituitary Adrenal Axis
Hypothalamus-Pituitary Thyroid Axis
Hypothalamus-Pituitary Gonadal Axis
Hypothalamus-Pituitary Prolactin Axis

Endocrinology semester 1 (10 decks)

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