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Endo Exam 1 > Hypothalamus and Pituitary > Flashcards

Hypothalamus and Pituitary Flashcards

1
Q

TRH

A

from hypothalamus
thyrotropin releasing hormone
stimulates secretion of TSH and prolactin

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2
Q

CRH

A

from hypothalamus
corticotropin releasing hormone
stimulates secretion of ACTH

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3
Q

GnRH

A

from hypothalamus
gonadotropin releasing hormone
stimulates secretion of LH and FSH

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4
Q

SRIF

A

from hypothalamus
somatotropin release-inhibiting hormone
inhibits secretion of GH

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5
Q

PIF

A

from hypothalamus
dopamine or prolactin inhibiting factor
inhibits secretion of prolactin

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6
Q

dopamine

A

inhibits secretino of prolactin

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7
Q

GHRH

A

from hypothalamus
growth hormone releasing hormone
stimulates release of GH

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8
Q

TSH

A

from anterior pituitary

stimulates synthesis of thyroid hormones

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9
Q

FSH

A

from anterior pituitary
stimulates maturation of sertoli cells in testes
stimulates follicular development and estrogen synthesis in ovaries

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10
Q

LH

A

from anterior pituitary
stimulates testosterone synthesis in leydig cells of testes
stimulates ovulation, formation of corpus luteum, estrogen, and progesterone synthesis in ovaries

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11
Q

GH

A

from anterior pituitary

stimulates protein synthesis and growth

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12
Q

prolactin

A

from anterior pituitary

stimulates milk production and secretion in breast

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13
Q

ACTH

A

from anterior pituitary

stimulates synthesis and secretion of adrenal cortical hormones- cortisol, androgens, aldosterone

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14
Q

MSH

A

from anterior pituitary

stimulates melanin synthesis

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15
Q

oxytocin

A

from posterior pituitary

stimulates milk ejection and uterine contractions

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16
Q

vasopressin

A

aka ADH
from posterior pituitary
stimulates water reabsorption in collecting ducts and constriction of arterioles

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17
Q

supraoptic nuclei

A

ADH neurons

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18
Q

paraventricular nuclei

A

oxytocin neurons

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19
Q

somatotrophs

A

release GH

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20
Q

GH release

A

pulsatile
highest during sleeping

(+) GHRH
(-) somatostatin

IGF-1 maintains negative feedback

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21
Q

IGF-1

A

levels correlate with GH levels

responsible for many of growth effects of GH and is necessary for chondrocyte differentiation

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22
Q

GH action

A

stimulates lipolysis, AA into cells, protein synthesis

stimulates production of IGF-1

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23
Q

LH and FSH

A

released in response to GnRH from hypothalamus

stimulates estrogen/progesterone and testosterone production

stimulate follicular maturation/ovulation and spermatogenesis

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24
Q

GnRH release

A

pulsatile
frequency determines LH or FSH

high - LH
low - FSH

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25
Q

negative feedback on FSH and LH release

A

sex steroids on hypothalamus and pituitary gonadotropes

inhibin - on pituitary FSH secretion

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26
Q

prolactin

A

(+) TRH
(-) dopamine

stimulates dopamine synthesis (- feedback)

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27
Q

ADH

A

aka vasopressin
maintains osmolality of body fluids and blood volume

(+) increased serum osmolality and decreased presure

osmolality is more sensitive stimulator

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28
Q

hypothalamus hormones

A

go to anterior pituitary in high concentrations

low concentration in systemic circulation

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29
Q

thyrotropes

A

release TSH

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30
Q

gonadotropes

A

release FSH and LH

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31
Q

corticotropes

A

release ACTH

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32
Q

somatotropes

A

release GH

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33
Q

lactotropes

A

release PRL

34
Q

TSH, FSH, LH family

A

all glycoproteins
same alpha, different beta

HCG also same alpha, different beta

35
Q

ACTH family

A

derived from POMC

MSH found in several of the endopeptidase product from POMC cleavage

36
Q

addisons disease

A

adrenal insufficiency
ACTH and POMC levels are increased

skin pigmentation

37
Q

GH secretion

A

pulsatile

largest within one hour of falling asleep

38
Q

stimulation of GH

A

decreased glucose, FA
fasting, puberty, exercise, stress
stage 3 and 4 of sleep
alpha-adrenergic agonists

39
Q

inhibition of GH

A 
increased glucose, FA
obesity
senescence
somatostatin
GH
beta-adrenergic
pregnancy
40
Q

somatostatin

A

inhibits GH release

(+) GH and somatomedins

41
Q

actions of GH

A

linear growth
protein synthesis
carb and lipid metabolism

42
Q

diabetogenic effect

A

GH causes insulin resistance and decreases glucose uptake and utilization in target tisues

43
Q

GH deficiency

A

failure to grow
short stature
mild obesity
delayed puberty

due to decreased GHRH secretion or primary deficiency of GH from anteiror pituitary

44
Q

GH excess

A

most commonly adenoma

  • before puberty - gigantism
  • after puberty - acromegaly
45
Q

prolactin

A

(+) TRH
(-) dopamine

prolactin inhibits its own secretion by stimulating dopamine production

46
Q

prolactin stimulation

A

pregnancy and breastfeeding

47
Q

estrogen/progesterone and prolactin

A

down-regulate prolactin receptors in breast and block action

E and P high during pregnancy, drop at birth

48
Q

excess prolactin

A

galactorrhea and infertility

inhibition of GnRH bc of high prolactine levels

49
Q

ADH

A

increase water reabsorption in response to osmolality increase

50
Q

action of ADH

A

V2 receptor - increase aquaporin channels in kidneys

V1 receptor - increase TPR with contraction of smooth muscle

51
Q

central diabetes insipidus

A

failure to secrete ADH
low ADH levels
large volumes dilute urine
concentrated body fluid

Tx: dAVP

52
Q

neurogenic diabetes insipius

A

defective V2 receptors in kidneys
high ADH levels**
large volume dilute urine

Tx: thiazide diuretics - inhibit Na reabsorption in distal tubule

53
Q

SIADH

A

syndrome of inappropriate ADH

excess ADH from other site (lung tumor)

high ADH
dilute body fluid

54
Q

oxytocin

A

stimulates contraction of myoepithelial cells lining milk duct

major stimulus is sucking nip

milk ejection and uterine contraction

55
Q

blood supply to posterior pituitary

A

inferior hypophyseal arteries from anterior pituitary

56
Q

causes of hypopituitarism

A

pituitary Dx
hypothalamic Dx
traumatic brain injury
stroke

57
Q

cortisol

A

increases blood glucose

spike at 8am

58
Q

pregnant woman and ischemia?

A

lose blood

pituitary infarction

59
Q

sheehan syndrome

A

pituitary infarction

some cases, posterior pituitary relatively unaffected - bc of different blood supply

60
Q

causes of hyperprolactinemia

A

drugs that decrease dopamine

hypothyroidism - increase TRH can increase prolactin release

61
Q

at birth

A

prolactin decreases over 2-3 months

increase with breastfeeding

62
Q

GnRH and prolactin?

A

increased prolactin suppresses GnRH

63
Q

all hormones decreased except prolactin?

A

likely damage to the pituitary stalk

bc hypothalamus release hormones can’t reach anterior pituitary and dopamine can’t reach anterior pituitary to decrease prolactin

64
Q

low FSH and LH and prolactin high?

A

high prolactin inhibits gonadotrope release

65
Q

prolactinoma

A

increase prolactin levels will inhibit gonadotropin release

Tx: dopamine agonist - to inhibit prolactin release

66
Q

causes of acromegaly

A

somatotroph adenoma of anterior pituitary

GHRH release from hypothalamic tumor

67
Q

GH-IGF axis

A

GH increases IGF levels

IGF feedback to increase somatostatin - inhibits GH

IGF inhibition - undernutrition, illness, GH receptor deficiency, GHR antibodies, IFG-1 receptor deficiency

68
Q

GH ad IGF

A

sometimes uncoupled like during

69
Q

protein intake

A

increased GH, IGF, and insulin

70
Q

carbohydrate intake

A

decreased GH, increased insulin, ~ IGF-1

increased caloric storage

71
Q

fasting

A

increased GH
insulin decrease
decreased IGF-1

increased caloric mobilization
decreased protein synthesis and growth

72
Q

GH effects

A

growth

protection of body during stress

73
Q

IGF-1

A

more stable in serum, longer half life

better indicator for GH levels

74
Q

glucose suppression test

A

to suppress GH

75
Q

bitemporal hemianopsia

A

partial loss of visual both fields

often associated with acromegaly

76
Q

GH and fat, protein, glucose

A

lipolysis
protein synthesis
increased glucose levels (cause insulin resistance)

77
Q

high GH and insulin

A

increased insulin levels - hyperplasia of beta cells

over time - beta cells can start to die-
-beta-cell exhaustion

78
Q

GH induced diabetes

A

yes, can happen

like in acromegaly

79
Q

octreotide

A

somatostatin analogue

for high GH secretion

80
Q

pegvisomant

A

GH receptor antagonists

for high GH secretion

81
Q

diabeticogenic effect of GH

A

causes insulin resistance

82
Q

GH actions

A

diabetogenic
increased protein synthesis (IGF-1)
increased linear growth (IGF-1)

Endo Exam 1 (10 decks)

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