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Endo Exam 1 > Histology of the Hypothalamus, Pineal, Pituitary, and Thyroid > Flashcards

Histology of the Hypothalamus, Pineal, Pituitary, and Thyroid Flashcards

1
Q

pituitary gland location

A

sella turcica of brain

-extension of median eminence of hypothalamus

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2
Q

adenohypophysis

A

anterior pituitary

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3
Q

neurohypophysis

A

posterior pituitary

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4
Q

anterior pituitary division

A

pars distalis
pars intermedia - at interface
pars tuberalis - grows up stalk

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5
Q

posterior pituitary division

A

pars nervosa
infundibulum

extension of median eminence of hypothalamus

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6
Q

histogenesis of pituitary

A

oral ectoderm - evaginates superiorly

  • forms rathkes pouch
  • pars distalis, pars intermedia, pars tuberalis

diencephalon - forms pocket

  • median eminence proliferates
  • forms infundibulum and pars nervosa
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7
Q

rathkes cyst

A

in rathkes cleft sometimes

cleft separates pars distalis from pars intermedia

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8
Q

hormones of posterior pituitary

A

oxytocin and ADH

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9
Q

hormones of anterior pituitary

A 
GH
ACTH
TSH
FSH
LH
MSH
PRL
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10
Q

hypothalamus hormones

A 
dopamine
GnRH
GHRH
somatostatin
TRH
PRH
CRH
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11
Q

dopamine

A

inhibits PRL

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12
Q

GnRH

A

stimulates FSH and LH

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13
Q

GHRH

A

stimulates GH

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14
Q

somatostatin

A

imhibits GH and TSH

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15
Q

TRH

A

stimulates TSH and prolactin

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16
Q

PRH

A

stimulates prolactin

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17
Q

CRH

A

stimulates ACTH

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18
Q

hypophyseal portal system

A

to anterior pituitary

superior hypophyseal arteries
-capillary bed in hypothalamus - to veins

inferior hypophyseal arteries
-capillary bed in pars distalis - to veins

drains to hypophyseal veins

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19
Q

cells in adenohypophysis?

A

chromophobes

chromophils - acidophils and basophils

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20
Q

chromophobes

A 
don't take up stain
aka follicular cells
stellate shaped, supportive, phagocytic
resting, immature chromophils
few secretion granules
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21
Q

acidophils

A

somatotropes

lactotropes

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22
Q

somatotropes

A

secrete GH

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23
Q

lactotropes

A

secrete PRL

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24
Q

inhibition of GH release

A

somatostatin

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25
Q

GH in circulation

A

bound to protein

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26
Q

acromegaly

A

check IFG-1 levels

-longer half life bound to proteins

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27
Q

IGF-1

A

bone and cartilage growth

28
Q

GH stimulation

A

alpha-adrenergic

29
Q

GH inhibition

A

beta-adrenergic

30
Q

gigantism

A

GH in childhood

31
Q

acromegaly

A

GH as an adult

32
Q

stimulation of prolactin

A 
estrogen
sleep
stress
TRH
dopamine antagonists
33
Q

inhibition of prolactin

A

somatostatin
dopamine
prolactin (negative feedback)

34
Q

basophils

A

corticotrophs
thyrotrophs
gonadotrophs

35
Q

corticotrophs

A

POMC
-precursor to corticotrope products

ACTH and MSH

lipotropin as well - mobilizes fat

36
Q

POMC gene

A

N-terminal - ACTH

C terminal - lipotropins and endorphins

37
Q

gonadrotropes

A

FSH and LH

38
Q

FSH

A

female follicular development

male - gametogenesis

39
Q

LH

A

male - androgen secretion in testicular

female - maturation of graafian follicle, corpus luteum, progesterone

40
Q

GnRH

A

pulstatile release

41
Q

slow GnRH

A

FSH

42
Q

fast GnRH

A

LH

43
Q

hyper-prolactin

A

inhibits sex steroids

44
Q

inhibin

A

negative feedback on pituitary FSH release

45
Q

thyrotrophs

A

secretes TSH

-stimulation of thyroid gland synthesis

46
Q

GHIH

A

somatostatin

47
Q

PIH

A

dopamine

48
Q

pituiticytes

A

glial cells

supportive in neurohypophysis

49
Q

herring bodies

A

where hormone stored in neurohypophysis

extension of neurons

50
Q

granule content

A

oxytocin and neurophysin I

vasopressin and neurophysin II

51
Q

vasopressin

A

supra-optic

52
Q

oxytocin

A

paraventricular

53
Q

epiphysis

A

pineal gland
posterior portion of third ventricle

flattened conical organ covered by pia
connected by short stalk

54
Q

oxytocin

A

uterine smooth muscle

and inhibits postpartum delivery

55
Q

pineal gland

A

brain sand - calcium

corpora arenacea

pinealocytes - melatonin producing, basophils
glial cells (astrocytes) - supportive
56
Q

absence of light

A

melatonin release

57
Q

melatonin

A

derivative of tryptophan

58
Q

thyroid gland

A

two lobes with connecting isthmus
autonomic innervation

evagination of endoderm from base of tongue

59
Q

cells of thyroid cells

A

follicular cells
-produces T4 and T3

parafollicular cells

  • C cells
  • produce calcitonin, lower blood Ca
60
Q

calcitonin

A

increased plasma Ca stimulates release

inhibits Ca resorption
-acts directly on osteoclasts

61
Q

thyroid follicular cells

A

layer of cuboidal epithelium surrounding mass of colloid

less active - increased colloid, flattened cells
more active - reduced colloid, tall columnar cells

62
Q

PTU

A

inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis
oxidation
organification
coupling

63
Q

stimulation of thyroid hormone

A

TSH

TBG

64
Q

inhibition of thyroid hormones

A

I deficiency
perchlorate, thiocyanate
PTU
decreased TGB

65
Q

wolff-chalkoff effect

A

excessive I intake inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis

Endo Exam 1 (10 decks)

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