Histology of the Hypothalamus, Pineal, Pituitary, and Thyroid

Question 1

pituitary gland location

Answer 1

sella turcica of brain

-extension of median eminence of hypothalamus

Question 2

adenohypophysis

Answer 2

anterior pituitary

Question 3

neurohypophysis

Answer 3

posterior pituitary

Question 4

anterior pituitary division

Answer 4

pars distalis
pars intermedia - at interface
pars tuberalis - grows up stalk

Question 5

posterior pituitary division

Answer 5

pars nervosa
infundibulum

extension of median eminence of hypothalamus

Question 6

histogenesis of pituitary

Answer 6

oral ectoderm - evaginates superiorly

• forms rathkes pouch
• pars distalis, pars intermedia, pars tuberalis

diencephalon - forms pocket

• median eminence proliferates
• forms infundibulum and pars nervosa

Question 7

rathkes cyst

Answer 7

in rathkes cleft sometimes

cleft separates pars distalis from pars intermedia

Question 8

hormones of posterior pituitary

Answer 8

oxytocin and ADH

Question 9

hormones of anterior pituitary

Answer 9

GH
ACTH
TSH
FSH
LH
MSH
PRL

Question 10

hypothalamus hormones

Answer 10

dopamine
GnRH
GHRH
somatostatin
TRH
PRH
CRH

Question 11

dopamine

Answer 11

inhibits PRL

Question 12

GnRH

Answer 12

stimulates FSH and LH

Question 13

GHRH

Answer 13

stimulates GH

Question 14

somatostatin

Answer 14

imhibits GH and TSH

Question 15

TRH

Answer 15

stimulates TSH and prolactin

Question 16

PRH

Answer 16

stimulates prolactin

Question 17

CRH

Answer 17

stimulates ACTH

Question 18

hypophyseal portal system

Answer 18

to anterior pituitary

superior hypophyseal arteries
-capillary bed in hypothalamus - to veins

inferior hypophyseal arteries
-capillary bed in pars distalis - to veins

drains to hypophyseal veins

Question 19

cells in adenohypophysis?

Answer 19

chromophobes

chromophils - acidophils and basophils

Question 20

chromophobes

Answer 20

don't take up stain
aka follicular cells
stellate shaped, supportive, phagocytic
resting, immature chromophils
few secretion granules

Question 21

acidophils

Answer 21

somatotropes

lactotropes

Question 22

somatotropes

Answer 22

secrete GH

Question 23

lactotropes

Answer 23

secrete PRL

Question 24

inhibition of GH release

Answer 24

somatostatin

Question 25

GH in circulation

Answer 25

bound to protein

Question 26

acromegaly

Answer 26

check IFG-1 levels | -longer half life bound to proteins

Question 27

IGF-1

Answer 27

bone and cartilage growth

Question 28

GH stimulation

Answer 28

alpha-adrenergic

Question 29

GH inhibition

Answer 29

beta-adrenergic

Question 30

gigantism

Answer 30

GH in childhood

Question 31

acromegaly

Answer 31

GH as an adult

Question 32

stimulation of prolactin

Answer 32

``` estrogen sleep stress TRH dopamine antagonists ```

Question 33

inhibition of prolactin

Answer 33

somatostatin dopamine prolactin (negative feedback)

Question 34

basophils

Answer 34

corticotrophs thyrotrophs gonadotrophs

Question 35

corticotrophs

Answer 35

POMC -precursor to corticotrope products ACTH and MSH lipotropin as well - mobilizes fat

Question 36

POMC gene

Answer 36

N-terminal - ACTH | C terminal - lipotropins and endorphins

Question 37

gonadrotropes

Answer 37

FSH and LH

Question 38

FSH

Answer 38

female follicular development | male - gametogenesis

Question 39

LH

Answer 39

male - androgen secretion in testicular | female - maturation of graafian follicle, corpus luteum, progesterone

Question 40

GnRH

Answer 40

pulstatile release

Question 41

slow GnRH

Answer 41

FSH

Question 42

fast GnRH

Answer 42

LH

Question 43

hyper-prolactin

Answer 43

inhibits sex steroids

Question 44

inhibin

Answer 44

negative feedback on pituitary FSH release

Question 45

thyrotrophs

Answer 45

secretes TSH | -stimulation of thyroid gland synthesis

Question 46

GHIH

Answer 46

somatostatin

Question 47

PIH

Answer 47

dopamine

Question 48

pituiticytes

Answer 48

glial cells | supportive in neurohypophysis

Question 49

herring bodies

Answer 49

where hormone stored in neurohypophysis extension of neurons

Question 50

granule content

Answer 50

oxytocin and neurophysin I vasopressin and neurophysin II

Question 51

vasopressin

Answer 51

supra-optic

Question 52

oxytocin

Answer 52

paraventricular

Question 53

epiphysis

Answer 53

pineal gland posterior portion of third ventricle flattened conical organ covered by pia connected by short stalk

Question 54

oxytocin

Answer 54

uterine smooth muscle and inhibits postpartum delivery

Question 55

pineal gland

Answer 55

brain sand - calcium corpora arenacea ``` pinealocytes - melatonin producing, basophils glial cells (astrocytes) - supportive ```

Question 56

absence of light

Answer 56

melatonin release

Question 57

melatonin

Answer 57

derivative of tryptophan

Question 58

thyroid gland

Answer 58

two lobes with connecting isthmus autonomic innervation evagination of endoderm from base of tongue

Question 59

cells of thyroid cells

Answer 59

follicular cells -produces T4 and T3 parafollicular cells - C cells - produce calcitonin, lower blood Ca

Question 60

calcitonin

Answer 60

increased plasma Ca stimulates release inhibits Ca resorption -acts directly on osteoclasts

Question 61

thyroid follicular cells

Answer 61

layer of cuboidal epithelium surrounding mass of colloid less active - increased colloid, flattened cells more active - reduced colloid, tall columnar cells

Question 62

PTU

Answer 62

inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis oxidation organification coupling

Question 63

stimulation of thyroid hormone

Answer 63

TSH | TBG

Question 64

inhibition of thyroid hormones

Answer 64

I deficiency perchlorate, thiocyanate PTU decreased TGB

Question 65

wolff-chalkoff effect

Answer 65

excessive I intake inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis