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Endo Exam 1 > Histology of the Parathyroid, Adrenals, and Pancreas > Flashcards

Histology of the Parathyroid, Adrenals, and Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

parathyroid glands

A

4x
found in each pole of thyroid gland
CT capsule penetrates parenchyma

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2
Q

cells types of paraththroid gland

A

chief cell

oxyphil cells

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3
Q

chief cells

A

basophilic
secretion granules
only cell until adolescence

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4
Q

oxyphil cells

A

eosinophilic - mitochondria
larger than chief cells
no secretion granules

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5
Q

chief cell function

A

secrete PTH

counter actio of calcitonin (from thyroid)

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6
Q

hypercalcemia

A

suppress PTH

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7
Q

hypocalcemia

A

promote PTH

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8
Q

action of PTH

A

increase blood Ca levels

  • absorption from gut
  • resorption from bone
  • PO4 kidney excretion
  • decreased kidney Ca excretion

promotes Vit D uptake and metabolism

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9
Q

PTH and bones

A

binds osteoblasts**

  • osteoblast secrete cytokine
  • cytokine stimulates osteoclast
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10
Q

calcitonin

A

act on bone to inhibit resorption

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11
Q

Vitamin D

A

promote Ca uptake from gut

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12
Q

4 actions of PTH

A

increased bone resorption
increased Ca reabsorption in kidney
decreased PO4 reabsorption in kidney
increased gut Ca absorption (Vit D 1,25)

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13
Q

1,25 Vit D

A

negative feedback on its own synthesis

stimulates P and Ca reabsorption

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14
Q

adrenal gland

A

2 parts - cortical and medullary tissue

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15
Q

cortical tissue of adrenal gland

A

derived from mesoderm
inder influence of ACTH and renin
carb, protein metabolism and electrolyte distribution

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16
Q

medullary tissue of adrenal gland

A

derived from neuroectoderm
-secretes catecholamines
-NE and E
affect HR, smooth, carb and lipid metabolism

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17
Q

innervation of adrenal

A

preganglionic synapse on medullary cells

postganglioninc synapse on vascular structures

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18
Q

blood supply to adrenal gland

A

superior, middle, inferior, suprarenal arteries

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19
Q

intraglandular vascular routes

A

subcapsular artery plexus
short cortical arteries
long cortical arteries

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20
Q

short cortical arteries

A

from suprarenal arteries and branch as sinusoids in cortex

converge inner cortex - empty to medullary sinusoids - expose medulla to steroids

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21
Q

long cortical arteries

A

penetrate cortex - go directly to medulla

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22
Q

medulla blood supply

A

cortical sinusoids from short cortical arteries
long cortical arteries (aka medullary arteries)

veins coalesce to form central vein

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23
Q

innervation of medulla

A

preganglionic sympathetics

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24
Q

layers of cortex

A

zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis

outer to inner

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25
zona glomerulosa
15% - outer layer subcapsular to columnar cells extensive sER forming tubular anastomotic network lots of mitochondria
26
zona fasciculata
78% - middle layer large cells, large lipid droplets well developed sER, gap junctions
27
zona reticularis
7% - inner layer eosinophilic extensive lipofuscin pigment
28
steroid hormone synthesis
from cholesterol - cholesterol from blood via LDL receptors - stored in lipid inclusions as fatty acyl esters
29
enzymes for steroid synthesis
mitochondria and sER
30
zona glomerulosa synthesis
mineralocorticoids - aldosterone
31
zona fasciculata synthesis
glucocorticoids - cortisol
32
zona reticularis synthesis
androgen precursors - DHEA and androstenedione
33
cortisol
affects carb metabolism anti-inflammatory induces conversion of NE > E
34
renin secretion?
decreased plasma Na or volume - renin released from JG cells of kidney ``` angiotensinogen (renin)> angiotensin I ANG I (ACE in lung)> ANG II ANG II > aldosterone secretion ```
35
action of aldosterone
increased resorption of Na by distal convoluted tubule expanded fluid volume and increased BP increased K secretion and H secretion
36
adrenal cortex stimulation to produce aldosterone
increased plasma K ACTH from anterior pituitary ANG II
37
ANG II
stimulate adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone stimulates brain to secrete CRH and AVP - causes increased ACTH from anterior pituitary - ACTH stimulates adrenal cortex
38
glucocorticoid synthesis
``` zona fasciculata (and some reticularis) -cortisol ```
39
ACTH stimulation of glucocorticoid release
cortical ZF and ZR hypertrophy (not ZG) increased sER and decreased lipid increased cortisol synthesis increased cortical blood flow
40
actions of cortisol
increase blood glucose levels, AA mobilization, and gluconeogenesis in liver -nuclear receptors in nucleus to promote gene transcription
41
antiinflammatory effect of cortisol
inhibit phospholipase A2 | inhibit serotonin and histamine release
42
immune suppression by cortisol
T cell suppression (IL-2) | Lyses eosinophils
43
cortisol and metabolism?
increase gluconeogenesis, protein catabolism, lipolysis | decreased insulin sensitivity**
44
vascular effect of cortisol
maintain responsiveness to catecholamines | -maintains normal BP
45
decreased cortisol
hypotension
46
cortisol and bone
inhibits bone formation -decreased type I collagen decreased osteoblast decreased gut Ca absorption
47
cortisol and kidney
increased GFR | -vasodilation of afferent arterioles
48
cortisol and sleep
decreased REM | -psychosis
49
androgen precursor synthesis
zona reticularis DHEA and androstenedione taken up in testes and ovaries - stimulates production of testosterone and estrogens
50
adrenal medulla
neuroendocrine organ synapse of sympathetics on chromaffin cells -basophilic cells - due to rER
51
catecholamine synthesis
tyrosine > L-dopa > dopamine > NE > E
52
adrenal medulla dominant secretion
epinephrine
53
glucocorticoids and catecholamines?
stimulates conversion of NE > E
54
stimulation of chromaffin cells
ACh | preganglionic sympathetics
55
effects of epinephrine
increased glycogenolysis and FA mobilization increased HR and BP dilation of coronary/skeletal m. vasculature constrict GI vasculature increased alertness - brain stem RAS increase blood glucose
56
endocrine pancreas origin
islets of langerhans - likely endoderm - budding from duct of exocrine pancreas - forms island in acinar tissue - develops vasculature
57
islet growth
proliferate during childhood | maturity - no proliferation
58
islet growth exception
pregnancy - sudden expansion of islet volume influenced by placental lactogen/PRL
59
islet size in tail
more but smaller
60
islet size in head
less but larger
61
shape of islets
oblate ellipsoids
62
islet secretions
primary - insulin | glucagon
63
insulin secretion stimulus
glucose metabolism ATP/ADP and NADP/NADPH ratios may be signaling for insulin secretion
64
insulin synthesis
golgi - proinsulin forms 2 disulfide bonds and C-peptide cleaved glucose metabolism stimulates insulin synthesis
65
insulin secretion mechanism
stored in granules microtubules move vesicle to membrane actin near membrane impedes contact - stimulation - actin depolymerizes and granules fuse with membrane - requires Ca release membrane recapture - clathrin coated vesicles
66
beta cells
75% of islet | insulin and amylin
67
alpha cells
15% of islet | glucagon
68
delta cells
10% of islet | somatostatin
69
PP cells
2% of islet | pancreatic polypeptide
70
delta-1 cells
produce VIP | also exocrine acini and ductal epithelium
71
EC beta cells
produce secretin, motilin, substance P | also exocrine acini and ductal epithelium
72
epsilon cells
produce ghrelin
73
pancreatic polypeptide
stimulates gastric chief cells inhibits bile secretion and intestine motility inhibits pancreatic enzymes and bicarb
74
VIP
like glucagon | stimulates pancreatic exocrine secretion
75
secretin
HCO3 secretion in pancreatic juice | pancreatic enzyme secretion
76
motilin
increased gastric and intestinal motility
77
substance P
neurotransmtter
78
ghrelin
stimulates appetite
79
organization of islet
once thought to be mantle | now islet cells distributed along vessels
80
islet communication
gap junctions between islet cells blood flow central to peripheral -sees alpha, beta, delta simultaneously
81
islet-acinar axis
like portal system | -efferent blood enters acinar capillaries - blood rich in insulin stimulates acinar cells
82
innervation of islets
sympathetic - NE - inhibits insulin - stimulates glucagon
83
pancreas blood supply
islet - 1% mass - 25% blood flow vessel pierce islet - to medulla, back to cortex
84
GLUT 2
insulin unresponsive | liver and pancreatic beta cells
85
GLUT 4
skeletal muscle and adipose insulin responsive activity changed by cortisol
86
GLUT 3
on brain | insulin unresponsive
87
fasting
GLUT 4 not active glucose to brain (GLUT 3) glucose out of liver (GLUT 2 reversal)`
88
high I:G ratio
anabolic state
89
low I:G ratio
catabolic state

Endo Exam 1 (10 decks)

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