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Endo Exam 1 > Histology of the Parathyroid, Adrenals, and Pancreas > Flashcards

Histology of the Parathyroid, Adrenals, and Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

parathyroid glands

A

4x
found in each pole of thyroid gland
CT capsule penetrates parenchyma

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2
Q

cells types of paraththroid gland

A

chief cell

oxyphil cells

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3
Q

chief cells

A

basophilic
secretion granules
only cell until adolescence

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4
Q

oxyphil cells

A

eosinophilic - mitochondria
larger than chief cells
no secretion granules

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5
Q

chief cell function

A

secrete PTH

counter actio of calcitonin (from thyroid)

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6
Q

hypercalcemia

A

suppress PTH

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7
Q

hypocalcemia

A

promote PTH

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8
Q

action of PTH

A

increase blood Ca levels

  • absorption from gut
  • resorption from bone
  • PO4 kidney excretion
  • decreased kidney Ca excretion

promotes Vit D uptake and metabolism

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9
Q

PTH and bones

A

binds osteoblasts**

  • osteoblast secrete cytokine
  • cytokine stimulates osteoclast
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10
Q

calcitonin

A

act on bone to inhibit resorption

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11
Q

Vitamin D

A

promote Ca uptake from gut

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12
Q

4 actions of PTH

A

increased bone resorption
increased Ca reabsorption in kidney
decreased PO4 reabsorption in kidney
increased gut Ca absorption (Vit D 1,25)

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13
Q

1,25 Vit D

A

negative feedback on its own synthesis

stimulates P and Ca reabsorption

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14
Q

adrenal gland

A

2 parts - cortical and medullary tissue

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15
Q

cortical tissue of adrenal gland

A

derived from mesoderm
inder influence of ACTH and renin
carb, protein metabolism and electrolyte distribution

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16
Q

medullary tissue of adrenal gland

A

derived from neuroectoderm
-secretes catecholamines
-NE and E
affect HR, smooth, carb and lipid metabolism

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17
Q

innervation of adrenal

A

preganglionic synapse on medullary cells

postganglioninc synapse on vascular structures

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18
Q

blood supply to adrenal gland

A

superior, middle, inferior, suprarenal arteries

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19
Q

intraglandular vascular routes

A

subcapsular artery plexus
short cortical arteries
long cortical arteries

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20
Q

short cortical arteries

A

from suprarenal arteries and branch as sinusoids in cortex

converge inner cortex - empty to medullary sinusoids - expose medulla to steroids

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21
Q

long cortical arteries

A

penetrate cortex - go directly to medulla

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22
Q

medulla blood supply

A

cortical sinusoids from short cortical arteries
long cortical arteries (aka medullary arteries)

veins coalesce to form central vein

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23
Q

innervation of medulla

A

preganglionic sympathetics

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24
Q

layers of cortex

A

zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis

outer to inner

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25
Q

zona glomerulosa

A

15% - outer layer

subcapsular to columnar cells
extensive sER forming tubular anastomotic network
lots of mitochondria

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26
Q

zona fasciculata

A

78% - middle layer
large cells, large lipid droplets
well developed sER, gap junctions

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27
Q

zona reticularis

A

7% - inner layer
eosinophilic
extensive lipofuscin pigment

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28
Q

steroid hormone synthesis

A

from cholesterol

  • cholesterol from blood via LDL receptors
  • stored in lipid inclusions as fatty acyl esters
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29
Q

enzymes for steroid synthesis

A

mitochondria and sER

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30
Q

zona glomerulosa synthesis

A

mineralocorticoids - aldosterone

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31
Q

zona fasciculata synthesis

A

glucocorticoids - cortisol

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32
Q

zona reticularis synthesis

A

androgen precursors - DHEA and androstenedione

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33
Q

cortisol

A

affects carb metabolism
anti-inflammatory
induces conversion of NE > E

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34
Q

renin secretion?

A

decreased plasma Na or volume - renin released from JG cells of kidney

angiotensinogen (renin)> angiotensin I
ANG I (ACE in lung)> ANG II
ANG II > aldosterone secretion
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35
Q

action of aldosterone

A

increased resorption of Na by distal convoluted tubule

expanded fluid volume and increased BP

increased K secretion and H secretion

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36
Q

adrenal cortex stimulation to produce aldosterone

A

increased plasma K
ACTH from anterior pituitary
ANG II

37
Q

ANG II

A

stimulate adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone

stimulates brain to secrete CRH and AVP

  • causes increased ACTH from anterior pituitary
  • ACTH stimulates adrenal cortex
38
Q

glucocorticoid synthesis

A 
zona fasciculata (and some reticularis)
-cortisol
39
Q

ACTH stimulation of glucocorticoid release

A

cortical ZF and ZR hypertrophy (not ZG)
increased sER and decreased lipid
increased cortisol synthesis
increased cortical blood flow

40
Q

actions of cortisol

A

increase blood glucose levels, AA mobilization, and gluconeogenesis in liver
-nuclear receptors in nucleus to promote gene transcription

41
Q

antiinflammatory effect of cortisol

A

inhibit phospholipase A2

inhibit serotonin and histamine release

42
Q

immune suppression by cortisol

A

T cell suppression (IL-2)

Lyses eosinophils

43
Q

cortisol and metabolism?

A

increase gluconeogenesis, protein catabolism, lipolysis

decreased insulin sensitivity**

44
Q

vascular effect of cortisol

A

maintain responsiveness to catecholamines

-maintains normal BP

45
Q

decreased cortisol

A

hypotension

46
Q

cortisol and bone

A

inhibits bone formation
-decreased type I collagen
decreased osteoblast
decreased gut Ca absorption

47
Q

cortisol and kidney

A

increased GFR

-vasodilation of afferent arterioles

48
Q

cortisol and sleep

A

decreased REM

-psychosis

49
Q

androgen precursor synthesis

A

zona reticularis
DHEA and androstenedione
taken up in testes and ovaries - stimulates production of testosterone and estrogens

50
Q

adrenal medulla

A

neuroendocrine organ
synapse of sympathetics on chromaffin cells
-basophilic cells - due to rER

51
Q

catecholamine synthesis

A

tyrosine > L-dopa > dopamine > NE > E

52
Q

adrenal medulla dominant secretion

A

epinephrine

53
Q

glucocorticoids and catecholamines?

A

stimulates conversion of NE > E

54
Q

stimulation of chromaffin cells

A

ACh

preganglionic sympathetics

55
Q

effects of epinephrine

A

increased glycogenolysis and FA mobilization
increased HR and BP
dilation of coronary/skeletal m. vasculature
constrict GI vasculature
increased alertness - brain stem RAS
increase blood glucose

56
Q

endocrine pancreas origin

A

islets of langerhans

  • likely endoderm
  • budding from duct of exocrine pancreas
  • forms island in acinar tissue
  • develops vasculature
57
Q

islet growth

A

proliferate during childhood

maturity - no proliferation

58
Q

islet growth exception

A

pregnancy - sudden expansion of islet volume

influenced by placental lactogen/PRL

59
Q

islet size in tail

A

more but smaller

60
Q

islet size in head

A

less but larger

61
Q

shape of islets

A

oblate ellipsoids

62
Q

islet secretions

A

primary - insulin

glucagon

63
Q

insulin secretion stimulus

A

glucose metabolism

ATP/ADP and NADP/NADPH ratios may be signaling for insulin secretion

64
Q

insulin synthesis

A

golgi - proinsulin forms 2 disulfide bonds and C-peptide cleaved

glucose metabolism stimulates insulin synthesis

65
Q

insulin secretion mechanism

A

stored in granules

microtubules move vesicle to membrane
actin near membrane impedes contact

  • stimulation - actin depolymerizes and granules fuse with membrane
  • requires Ca release

membrane recapture - clathrin coated vesicles

66
Q

beta cells

A

75% of islet

insulin and amylin

67
Q

alpha cells

A

15% of islet

glucagon

68
Q

delta cells

A

10% of islet

somatostatin

69
Q

PP cells

A

2% of islet

pancreatic polypeptide

70
Q

delta-1 cells

A

produce VIP

also exocrine acini and ductal epithelium

71
Q

EC beta cells

A

produce secretin, motilin, substance P

also exocrine acini and ductal epithelium

72
Q

epsilon cells

A

produce ghrelin

73
Q

pancreatic polypeptide

A

stimulates gastric chief cells
inhibits bile secretion and intestine motility
inhibits pancreatic enzymes and bicarb

74
Q

VIP

A

like glucagon

stimulates pancreatic exocrine secretion

75
Q

secretin

A

HCO3 secretion in pancreatic juice

pancreatic enzyme secretion

76
Q

motilin

A

increased gastric and intestinal motility

77
Q

substance P

A

neurotransmtter

78
Q

ghrelin

A

stimulates appetite

79
Q

organization of islet

A

once thought to be mantle

now islet cells distributed along vessels

80
Q

islet communication

A

gap junctions between islet cells
blood flow central to peripheral
-sees alpha, beta, delta simultaneously

81
Q

islet-acinar axis

A

like portal system

-efferent blood enters acinar capillaries - blood rich in insulin stimulates acinar cells

82
Q

innervation of islets

A

sympathetic - NE

  • inhibits insulin
  • stimulates glucagon
83
Q

pancreas blood supply

A

islet - 1% mass - 25% blood flow

vessel pierce islet - to medulla, back to cortex

84
Q

GLUT 2

A

insulin unresponsive

liver and pancreatic beta cells

85
Q

GLUT 4

A

skeletal muscle and adipose
insulin responsive
activity changed by cortisol

86
Q

GLUT 3

A

on brain

insulin unresponsive

87
Q

fasting

A

GLUT 4 not active

glucose to brain (GLUT 3)
glucose out of liver (GLUT 2 reversal)`

88
Q

high I:G ratio

A

anabolic state

89
Q

low I:G ratio

A

catabolic state

Endo Exam 1 (10 decks)

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