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Brain Power: Anatomy > Hypothalamus and Limbic System > Flashcards

Hypothalamus and Limbic System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the nuclear GROUPS of the medial region of the hypothalamus?

A

Preoptic
Suprachiasmatic
Tuberal
Mamillary bodies

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2
Q

What hormone is release in the medial preoptic nucleus?

A

Gonadotropic releasing hormone

The nucleus is also known as the sexually dimorphic nucleus. It is twice as large in males than in females.

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3
Q

What is secreted in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei?

A

PVN: Oxytocin
SON: ADH

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4
Q

What increases ADH secretion as monitored by the supraoptic nucleus?

A

DEHYDRATION and increaes in serum osmolarity, Pain, stress, opiates, barbiturates

Decrease is due to alcohol intake resulting in urination during beer drinking!

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5
Q
  1. The Ventro medial nucleus in the tuberal region is for?

2. Combined with obesity and hypogonadism due to involvement of the adjacent infundibulum this can result to?

A
  1. Satiety center– bilateral lesions result in a voracious appetite, obesity and savage behaviour– also RAGE!!
    The feeding center on the other hand is in the lateral hypothalamus
    FAT MONSTER! LIKE THE BLOB in X-Men!
  2. Frohlich syndrome
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6
Q

What nucleus in the tuberal region secretes dopamine for prolactin and GH control?

A

Arcuate nucleus– also with ACTH and beta endorphins

Target for leptin because it has food promoting and inhibiting properties

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7
Q

Destruction of the orexin/hypocretin neurons int he lateral region of the hypothalamus is responsible for?

A

narcolepsy

NB: Hypocretin/Orexin inhibits anorexinergic and excites orexinergic neurons in the arcuate nucleus

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8
Q

Which extrensic hypothalamic connection is responsible?

  1. Light for circadian rhythm
  2. Link to the periaqueductal gray matter to effect autonomic responses
A
  1. Light for circadian rhythm: Retino-hypothalamic
  2. Link to the periaqueductal gray matter: Dorsal Longitudinal Fasciculus of Schutz

NB: Mamilotegmental tract also plays a vita role for autonomic effects of the hypothalamus

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9
Q

What is also known as:

  1. Prolactin inhibiting factor
  2. Somatic inhibiting releasing factor

What controls the release of ACTH?

A
  1. Domapine
  2. Somatostatin

Cotropin releasing factor

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10
Q

In relation to temperature control– what regions of the hypothalamus are involved? What happens with damage to these regions?

How about in sleep?

A

Temp
Anterior: Sensitive to high temperature– hyperthermia– for cooling! AC! DC
Posterior: Sensitive to low temp– poikilothermia (body temperature fluctuates with environmental temp)– for heating!

Sleep
Anterior sleep
Posterior wake up

Lateral with hypocretin system is the major neuromodulatory system that controls monoamines and cholinergic systems that control vigilance states

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11
Q

What areas of the hypothalamus are concerned with PS and Symphathetic systems?

A

Lateral and caudal for symptathetic

Medial and rostral for PS

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12
Q

What nucleus of the hypothalamus is responsible for the circadian rhythm?

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus– regulates the melatonin secretion by the pineal gland based on retinal inputs

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13
Q

Which part of the H plays role in memory?

A

Mamillary bodies

Mamillary for memory!

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14
Q

What is the treatment of diabetes insipidus?

How does SIADH result from hypothalamic injury?

A

desmopressin

Damage to the hypothalamic osmoreceptors

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15
Q

What is the Shapiro syndrome?

A

Episodic hypothermia with
polydipsia,
hyponatremia
and autonomic paroxysms

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16
Q

The diencephalic syndrome of infancy (Russel Syndrome) is usually due to?

A

Anterior hypothalamus tumor

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17
Q

What is the Kleine-Levin syndrome?

A

Episodic compulsive eating, hypersomnolence, hypersexuality in adolescent males

Seen in hypothalamic and medial thalamic lesions

CONTRAST WITH KLUVER BLUCY syndrome!

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18
Q

What kind of memory problems are brought about by hypothalamic damage?

A

Inability to encode NEW . memories for personally experienced time specific events– EPISODIC MEMORY!

Mamillary bodies connect to the hippocampus by the fornix and to the anterior thalamic nucleus by the mamillothalamic tract

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19
Q

What are the 5 members of the rhinencephalon?

A 
Olfactory nerve rootlets
Olfactory bulb
Olfactory tract
Olfactory striae
Primary olfactory cortex
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20
Q

What are the layers of the olfactory bulb?

A
  1. Olfactory nerve layers
  2. Glomerular layer: synapse
  3. Plexiform layer: Tufted neuron
  4. Mitral cell layer:Mitral cell neuron
  5. Granule layer: Granule neuron and short axon neuron
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21
Q

Axons of which neurons are found in the olfactory tract?

A

Mitral from the mitral cell layer and tufted neurons from the plexiform layer

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22
Q

What are the 3 olfactory striae and where do they go?

A

Lateral OS: Projects to the primary olfactory cortex

Intermediate OS: Blends with the anterior perforated substance

Medial OS: Projects to the medial olfactory area AKA septa area in the medial surface of the frontal lobe ventral to the genu and rostrum of the CC anterior to the lamina terminalis– mainly for emotional responses elicited by the smell

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23
Q

What are the three components of the primary olfactory cortex?

A
  1. Pyriform cortex
  2. Periamygdaloid area
  3. Uncus
    These are both anterior to the uncus
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24
Q

The three areas of the olfactory cortex are interconnected by?

A

Diagonal band of Broca

25
Q

What are the components of the limbic lobe?

A
  1. Subcallosal gyrus
  2. Cingulate gyrus
  3. Isthmus of the cingulate gyrus
  4. Parahippocampal gyrus
  5. Uncus
26
Q

What is the flow of signals in the Papez circuit (James Papex 1937)?

A

Hippocampus&raquo_space; fornix&raquo_space; mamillary bodies»

  1. mamillothalamic tract» anterior thalamic nucleus
  2. thalamocortical system» cingluate gyrus» entorhinal area&raquo_space; hippocampus
27
Q

What parts of the following are part of the limbic system?

  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Thalamus
  3. Brianstem
  4. Neocortex
A
  1. Hypothalamus: mamillary bodies
  2. Thalamus: anterior and medial thalamic nuclei
  3. Brianstem: Reticular formation
  4. Neocortex: Basal frontotemporal
28
Q

What is the hippocampal formation?

What are the 3 components of the hippocampal formation?

A

It is an infolding of the parahippocampal gyrus into the inferior temporal horn of the lateral ventricle consisting of:

Starting from the parahippocampal gyrus going inwards:

  1. Subiculum
  2. Hippocampus
  3. Dentate
29
Q

What are the 3 major layers of the hippocampus?

A
  1. Molecular
  2. Pyramidal cell layer
  3. Striatum oriens (Polymorphic layer)– most superficial adjacent to the ventricle
30
Q

What part of the hippocampus is most sensitive to hypoxia and serve as the trigger zone for some forms of temporal lobe epilepsy?

Medium vulnerability

Least vulnerable

A

CA1 Sommer’s sector

CA 4

CA 2 and 3

31
Q

What neurons in the hippocampus contribute to the outflow of signals?

A

Principal neurons (Pyramidal cells)

32
Q

What structure carries the outflow tract of the hippocampus?

A

Axons of the pyramidal tract are oriented towards the ventricular surface where they gather to form the alveus and fibria and finally join the FORNIX as the outflow tract

33
Q

What are instrinsic neurons of the hippocampus and where are they located?

What do they do?

A

Basket cells and polymorphic cells are located in the stratum oriens– they are inibihitory to pyramidal cell activity

One basket cell to 200-500 pyramidal cells– similar to the cerebellum!

34
Q

Which among the three parts of the hippocampal formation DOES not contribute to the output of the structure?

A

Dentate gyrus– mostly granular cells that form the mossy fiber system that connects to the pyramidal cells in the hippocampus

35
Q

The bulk of extrinsic input to the hippocampal formation is mainly from?

A

Entorhinal area of the PH gyrus (From the thalamic output as part of the Papez circuit!!)

and the septal area (aka medial olfactory area) where the medial olfactory striae go to form the olfactory tract!

36
Q

What part of the cortex of the cortex is most damaged by AD and the site where the disease begins?

A

Entorhinal cortex

37
Q

What brodmann areas comprise the entorhinal cortex?

A

28– entorhinal cortex
34– Dorsal entorhinal area

In the mesial termporal lobe acting as the interface of the hippocampus with the neocortex

38
Q

Trace the parts of the fornix starting from the hippocampus all the way to the mamillary bodies.

A

Hippocampus** Fimbra&raquo_space; Crus fornix&raquo_space; Comissure of the fornix&raquo_space; body of fornix (attached to the inferior surface of the septum pellucidum)» 2 anterior columns of the fornix ** Mamillary bodies

39
Q

Where do fibers of the post commisural fornix go? Where are the fibers from?

A

From the subiculum

Going to the Mammillary body and anterior nucleus of the thalamus (Part of the Papez circuit!!)

40
Q

Bilaterall ablation of the hippocampus results in what kind of memory loss?

A
  1. Loss of recent (60s) memory
  2. Inability to store newly learned facts (anterograde amnesia)

Remote and long term memories remain intact

41
Q

T or F: The hippocampus has a low threshold for seizures but the spread of such epileptic activity all over the cortex is NOT usual.

A

T

42
Q

Where is the amygdala?

A

At the tip of the temporal lobe beneath the cortex of the uncus and rostral to the hippocampus and inferior horn of the lateral ventricle

43
Q

What is the major outflow tract of the amygadal?

A

Stria terminalis

Other: Ventral amygdalofugal pathway

44
Q

Re: Food intake

  1. Lesions in the corticomedial group will result in? Stimulation will result in?
  2. Lesions in the basolateral group will result in? Stimulation will result in?
A
  1. L: Aphagia, decreased emotional tone
    S: Defensive aggressive action
  2. Hyperphagia, happiness and pleasure
    S: Fear and flight

Corticomedial group is similar to a ghoul! Stimulation will likely give you an aggressive hungry person

45
Q

What is the main effect of the amygdala on arousal?

A

Facilitatory– mainly from the basolateral nuclear group

46
Q

Bilateral lesions of the amygdala results in what sexual activity?

A

Hypersexuality

47
Q

What are the two components of the septal area?

A 
Septum pellucidum
Septum verum ventral to the SP contains:
1. Septal nuclei
2. Diagongal band of broca
3. Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
4. Nucleus accumbens septi
48
Q

The major connections of the septal area are with? traveling through?

A

Hippocampus via fornix

49
Q

What characterizes the septal syndrome?

A

Destruction of the septal nuclei gives rise to behavioral overreaction to most environment stimuli.

50
Q

What part of the limbic system is primarily responsible for the ff:

  1. Memory
  2. Emotion and sexuality
  3. Motivation
  4. Social behavior
A
  1. Memory: Hippocampus
  2. Emotion and sexuality: Amygdala
  3. Motivation: Anterior cingulate gyrus
  4. Orbitofrontal cortex: Social behaviour
51
Q

What 2 types of memory are NOT affected by mesial temporal damage?

A

Procedural skill learning memory and
Retrograde memory

There is severe declarative (explicit) memory loss and anterograde memory loss

52
Q

What are the two types of implicity memory?

A
  1. Procedural
  2. Priming: short lived enhancement of perceptually based performance following recent exposure to a visually similar material
53
Q

What is the most common type of memory loss (amnesia)?

A

Anterograde

54
Q

What is the etiology of wernicke korsakoff syndrome?

A

B1 deficiency

55
Q

What are the two main classifications of memory?

A

Explicit: Semantic and Episodic (Long term (Anterograde and retrograde) and Short term)
Implicit: Procedural and Priming

56
Q

What syndrome results from bilateral lesions of the temporal lobe that involve the amygdala, hippocampal formation and adjacent neural structures?

Characterized by: hyperorality, hypersexuality, visual agnosia/ psychic blindness, docility, lack of emotional response, increased appetite, memory deficity

A

Klüver-Bucy syndrome

57
Q

What autonomic effects result from stimulation of the right and left insular cortex?

A

Right: sympathetic– tachycardia
Left: parasympathetic– bradycardia

58
Q

Cowdry type A inclusions occur in what type of encephalitis?

A

HSV

Brain Power: Anatomy (10 decks)

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