Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuroanatomy > Hypothalamus > Flashcards

Hypothalamus Flashcards

1
Q

The thalamus, is situated at the rostral end of the brainstem and functions as an important ____ for information passing to all areas of the ____, ____, ___ and ____.

A

relay and integrative station - cerebral cortex, the basal ganglia, the hypothalamus and the brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

(Thalamus) The posterior end is expanded from the ___, which overhangs the superior colliculus

A

pulvinar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

(Thalamus) The inferior surface is continuous with the ___ of the midbrain

A

tegmentum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

(Thalamus) The medial surface of the thalamus forms part of the lateral wall of the ____ and is usually connected to the opposite thalamus by a band of gray matter, the_____ (interthalamic adhesion)

A

third ventricle - interthalamic connection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The thalamus is covered on its superior surface by a thin layer of white matter, called the ___, and on its lateral surface by another layer, the ____

A

stratum zonale - external medullary lamina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The gray matter of the thalamus is divided by a vertical sheet of white matter, the ___, into medial and lateral halves

A

internal medullary lamina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The thalamus thus is subdivided into three main parts; the ____ lies between the limbs of the Y, and the medial and ____ lie on the sides of the stem of the Y

A

anterior part - lateral parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

(Medial part of thalamus) It contains the large ___ and several smaller nuclei

A

dorsomedial nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

(Medial part of thalamus) The dorsomedial nucleus has two-way connections with the whole ____ of the frontal lobe of the cerebral hemisphere.

A

prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

(Medial part of thalamus) It also has similar connections with the _____ and is interconnected with all other groups of thalamic nuclei

A

hypothalamic nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Ventral anterior nucleus, is connected to the ____, the ____, the ___, and the ____ as well as to many of the other thalamic nuclei

A

reticular formation - substantia nigra - corpus striatum - premotor cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Ventral anterior nucleus, lies on the pathway between the corpus striatum and the motor areas of the frontal cortex, it probably influences the ____

A

activities of the motor cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Ventral Lateral Nucleus, has connections similar to those of the ventral anterior nucleus but, in addition, has a major input from the___ and a minor input from the ___

A

cerebellum - red nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The ventral posteromedial nucleus receives the ascending ___ and ___, while the ventral posterolateral nucleus receives the important ____, the medial and spinal lemnisci

A

trigeminal and gustatory pathways - ascending sensory tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The intralaminar nuclei, receive ____ as well as fibers from the spinothalamic and trigeminothalamic tracts; send efferent fibers to other thalamic nuclei, which in turn project to the cerebral cortex, and fibers to the corpus striatum

A

afferent fibers from the reticular formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The intralaminar nuclei, believed to influence the levels of ____ in an individual

A

consciousness and alertness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The medial geniculate body, forms part of the ___ and is a swelling on the posterior surface of the thalamus beneath the pulvinar

A

auditory pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Afferent fibers to the _____ form the inferior brachium and come from the ____

A

medial geniculate body - inferior colliculus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The lateral geniculate body, forms part of the ____ and is a swelling on the undersurface of the pulvinar of the thalamus

A

visual pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The lateral geniculate body, the fibers are the axons of the ganglion ____ and come from the temporal half of the ipsilateral eye and from the nasal half of the contralateral eye, the latter’s fibers crossing the midline in the optic chiasma

A

cell layer of the retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Function of thalamus, a vast amount of sensory information of all types (____) converges on the thalamus and presumably is integrated through the interconnections between the nuclei

A

except smell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Olfactory information is probably, first integrated at a lower level with taste and other sensations and is relayed to the thalamus from the ____ and hippocampus through the _____

A

amygdaloid complex - mammillothalamic tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The ___ and the ____ of the thalamus form part of the basal nuclei circuit and thus are involved in the performance of voluntary movements.
These nuclei receive input from the globus pallidus and send fibers to the prefrontal, supplemental, and premotor areas of the cerebral cortex

A

ventroanterior and the ventrolateral nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The large ____ has extensive connections with the frontal lobe cortex and hypothalamus. Considerable evidence suggests that this nucleus lies on the pathway that is concerned with ___ and the ____ of the individual

A

dorsomedial nucleus - subjective feeling states and the personality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The ____ are closely connected with the activities of the reticular formation, and they receive much of their information from this source

A

intralaminar nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The hypothalamus, the _______, and through its adequate blood supply, it is able to sample the blood chemistry

A

site of numerous converging and diverging neuronal pathways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The hypothalamus, controls the ___ and the ___ and thus indirectly controls body homeostasis

A

autonomic nervous system - endocrine system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The hypothalamus is the part of the diencephalon that extends from the region of the____ to the caudal border of the ___

A

optic chiasma - mammillary bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Hypothalamus, lies ____ and forms the floor and the inferior part of the lateral walls of the ___

A

below the thalamus - third ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

When observed from below, the hypothalamus is seen to be related to the following structures, from anterior to posterior:

A

1.the optic chiasma,
2.the tuber cinereum and the infundibulum
3.the mammillary bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Anterior to the hypothalamus is an area that, for functional reasons, is often included in the hypothalamus. Because it extends forward from the optic chiasma to the lamina terminalis and the anterior commissure, it is referred to as the ____

A

preoptic area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

(Medial zone) The following hypothalamic nuclei can be recognized, from anterior to posterior:

A
  1. Preoptic nucleus
  2. Anterior nucleus
  3. Suprachiasmatic nucleus
  4. Paraventricular nucleus
  5. Dorsomedial nucleus
  6. Ventromedial nucleus
  7. Infundibular (arcuate) nucleus
  8. Posterior nucleus.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The hypothalamus receives information from the rest of the body through

A

(1)nervous connections
(2)the bloodstream
(3)cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

___ leave the optic chiasma and pass to the suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

Visual afferents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

General somatic sensation and gustatory and visceral sensations reach the hypothalamus through collateral branches of the ___ and the ___ and through the ___.

A

lemniscal afferent fibers - tractus solitarius - reticular formation

33
Q

Visual afferents leave the optic chiasma and pass to the ____

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus

34
Q

___ travels through the medial forebrain bundle

A

Olfaction

35
Q

Olfaction travels through the ____

A

medial forebrain bundle

35
Q

____ have not been identified, but since auditory stimuli can influence the activities of the hypothalamus, they must exist

A

Auditory afferents

36
Q

____ arise from the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex and pass directly to the hypothalamus

A

Corticohypothalamic fibers

37
Q

____ pass from the amygdaloid complex to the hypothalamus through the stria terminalis and by a route that passes interior to the lentiform nucleus

A

Amygdalohypothalamic fibers

38
Q

_____ pass from the hippocampus through the fornix to the mammillary body. Many neurophysiologists regard the hypothalamus at the main output pathway of the limbic system

A

Hippocampohypothalamic fibers

39
Q

____ arise from the dorsomedial and midline thalamic nuclei

A

Thalamohypothalamic fibers

40
Q

Descending fibers to the ___ and ___ influence the peripheral neurons of the autonomic nervous system. They descend through a series of neurons in the ___.

A

brainstem and spinal cord - reticular formation

41
Q

In a similar manner, the ____ connect the hypothalamus with sympathetic cells of origin in the lateral gray horns of the _______ of the spinal cord and the sacral parasympathetic outflow at the level of the second, third, and fourth sacral segments of the spinal cord

A

reticulospinal fibers - first thoracic segment to the second lumbar segment

42
Q

The ____ arises from the mammillary body and terminates in the anterior nucleus of the thalamus. Here, the pathways is relayed to the ____

A

mammillothalamic tract - cingulate gyrus

43
Q

The _____ cells of the reticular formation in the ____

A

mammillotegmental tract - tegmentum of the midbrain

44
Q

Nerve fibers that travel from the ___ and ____ to the ____ of the hypophysis

A

supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei - posterior lobe

44
Q

Long and short portal blood vessels that connect ______ with capillary plexuses in the _____

A

sinusoids in the median eminence and infundibulum - anterior lobe of the hypophysis

45
Q

Hypothalamohyoiohyseal tract, the hormones ____ and ____ are synthesized in the nerve cells of the ____ and ___

A

vasopressin and oxytocin - supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei

46
Q

The hormone _____ is produced mainly in the nerve cells of the ___

A

vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) - supraoptic nucleus

47
Q

Vasopressin, function is to cause vasoconstriction. It also has an important antidiuretic function, causing an _________ and collecting tubules of the kidney

A

increased absorption of water in the distal convoluted tubules

48
Q

_____ is produced mainly in the ____. It stimulates the _______ of the uterus and causes contraction of the myoepithelial cells that surround the alveoli and ducts of the breast

A

Oxytocin - paraventricular nucleus - contraction of the smooth muscle

49
Q

When the baby suckles at the breast, a ______ stimulates the hypothalamus to produce more of the hormone, This promotes contraction of the _____ and assists in the expression of the milk from the breasts

A

nervous reflex from the nipple - myoepithelial cells

50
Q

The ______, which produces vasopressin, acts as an osmoreceptor. Should the osmotic pressure of the blood circulating through the nucleus be too high, the nerve cells increase their production of vasopressin, and the ______ of this hormone will increase the reabsorption of water from the kidney. By this means, the osmotic pressure of the blood will return to normal limits.

A

supraoptic nucleus - antidiuretic effect

51
Q

In Hypophyseal portal system, the neurosecretory cells situated mainly in the _____ of the hypothalamus are responsible for the production of the releasing hormones and release-inhibitory hormones

A

medial zone

52
Q

In Hypophyseal portal system, the hormones are packaged into granules and are transported along the axons of these cells into the _____ and ___

A

median eminence and infundibulum

53
Q

The hypophyseal portal system is formed on each side from the _____ which is a branch of the internal carotid artery

A

superior hypophyseal artery

54
Q

The hypophyseal portal system, the artery enters the median eminence and divides into tufts of capillaries. These capillaries drain into long and short descending vessels that end in the anterior lobe of the hypophysis by dividing into vascular sinusoids that pass between the secretory cells of the anterior lobe

True/False

A

True

55
Q

The releasing hormones stimulate the production and release of: ______, ______, _____, ______, _____

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), thyrotropic hormone or thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) growth hormone (GH)

56
Q

The release of inhibiting hormones inhibits the release of the ____ and _____

A

melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) and luteotropic hormone (LTH)

57
Q

____ (also known as the _____) stimulates the corpus luteum to secrete ___ and the mammary gland to produce ____. The GH inhibitory hormone (somatostatin) inhibits the release of GH

A

LTH - lactogenic hormone or prolactin - progesterone - milk

58
Q

The autonomic control, has influence on the autonomic nervous system and appears to integrate the ____ and ___, thus preserving_____

A

autonomic and neuroendocrine systems - body homeostasis

59
Q

Electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus in animal experiments shows that the ______ and the _____ influence parasympathetic responses; these include lowering of the blood pressure, slowing of the heart rate, contraction of the bladder, increased motility of the gastrointestinal tract, increased acidity of the gastric juice, salivation, and pupillary constriction

A

anterior hypothalamic area - preoptic area

60
Q

Stimulation of the posterior and lateral nuclei causes ____, which include increased blood pressure and heart rate, cessation of peristalsis in the gastrointestinal tract, pupillary dilation, and hyperglycemia

A

sympathetic responses

61
Q

The ____ of the hypothalamus controls those mechanisms that ______ - dilatation of skin blood vessels and sweating, which lower the body temperature

A

anterior portion - dissipate heat loss

62
Q

Stimulation of the ______ of the hypothalamus results in vasoconstriction of the skin blood vessels and _____; there also may be shivering, in which the skeletal muscles produce heat

A

posterior portion - inhibition of sweating

62
Q

Endocrine control of hypothalamus, should be pointed out that each stage is controlled by _____ and _____

A

negative and positive feedback mechanisms

63
Q

Stimulation of the ____ initiates the feeling of hunger and results in an increase in food intake

A

lateral region of the hypothalamus

64
Q

Stimulation of the ______ inhibits eating and reduces food intake. This area is referred to as the
“satiety center.

A

medial region of the hypothalamus

65
Q

Bilateral destruction of the lateral region of the hypothalamus results in _____, with the consequent loss in body weigh

A

anorexia

66
Q

Bilateral destruction of the satiety center produces an uncontrolled voracious appetite, causing extreme ____

A

obesity

67
Q

Experimental stimulation of other areas in the lateral region of the hypothalamus causes an immediate increase in the desire to drink water; this area is referred to as the “______”

A

thirst center

68
Q

Emotion and behavior are a function of the _____, the ____and the _______

A

hypothalamus, the limbic system, and the prefrontal cortex

69
Q

In addition, the _____ of the hypothalamus exerts a careful control on the osmolarity of the blood through the _____ by the ______

A

supraoptic nucleus - secretion of vasopressin - posterior lobe of the hypophysis

70
Q

Stimulation of the ______ may cause the symptoms and signs of rage, whereas lesions of these areas may lead to passivity

A

lateral hypothalamic nuclei

71
Q

Stimulation of the lateral hypothalamic nuclei may cause the symptoms and signs of ____, whereas lesions of these areas may lead to _____

A

rage - passivity

72
Q

Stimulation of the _____ may cause passivity, whereas lesions of this nucleus may lead to rage

A

ventromedial nucleus

73
Q

Stimulation of the ventromedial nucleus may cause ____, whereas lesions of this nucleus may lead to ___

A

passivity - rage

74
Q

The hypothalamus controls many ______, including ______, _______, _______, and _______

A

circadian rhythms - body temperature, adrenocortical activity, eosinophil count, and renal secretion

75
Q

Sleeping and wakefulness, although dependent on the activities of the _____, the ______, and the ______, are also controlled by the _____

A

thalamus, the limbic system, and the reticular activating system - hypothalamus

76
Q

______ can follow lesions of the hypothalamus caused by head injury or following surgical operations in the region of the hypothalamus

A

Hyperthermia

76
Q

Severe obesity can occur as the result of ______

A

hypothalamic lesions

77
Q

The occurrence of either frequent short periods of sleep during the waking hours or insomnia has been observed in patients with ________

A

hypothalamic lesions

77
Q

Results from a lesion of the supraoptic nucleus or from the interruption of the nervous pathway to the posterior lobe of the hypophysis

A

Diabetes Insipidus

78
Q

Attacks of unexplained weeping or laughter, uncontrollable rage, depressive reactions, and even maniacal outbursts all have been observed in patients with ______

A

hypothalamic lesions

Neuroanatomy (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions