Hypothalamus

Question 1

what is the hypothalamus

Answer 1

• maintains homeostasis
• coordinates endocrine, autonomic and behavioral functions
• Regulates reactions to stress, growth/development, reproduction

Question 2

Where are the hypothalamic nuclei located

Answer 2

lie along the midline on ventral side of brain

Question 3

what are the three anterior-posterior divisions

Answer 3

chiasmatic
tuberal
mammillary

Question 4

what are the three medio-lateral divisions

Answer 4

perventricular nucleus
medial nucleus
lateral hypothalamic area

Question 5

where is the chiasmatic region located

Answer 5

lies above the optic chiasm

Question 6

what are the functions of the chiasmatic region

Answer 6

thermoregulation
sexual behavior
generation of circadian rhythms

Question 7

where does the chiasmatic region project to

Answer 7

brainstem
spinal cord
pituitary

Question 8

where is the tuberal region located

Answer 8

lies above the infundibulum

Question 9

what are the functions of the tuberal region

Answer 9

food intake
emotional behavior

Question 10

where does the tuberal region project to

Answer 10

brainstem
spinal cord
pituitary

Question 11

where is the mammillary region located

Answer 11

lies above the mammillary bodies

Question 12

what are the functions of the mammillary region

Answer 12

sleep regulation
thermoregulation
memory

Question 13

where does the mammillary region project to

Answer 13

brainstem
spinal cord
thalamus

Question 14

where is the periventricular nucleus located

Answer 14

located lateral and ventral to the third ventricle

Question 15

where is the medial hypothalamic nuclei located

Answer 15

lateral to the periventricular nucleus and medial to the fornix

Question 16

describe the lateral hypothalamic area

Answer 16

• sparse, diffusely organized cells
• interspersed with axons of the medial forebrain bundle
• involved in behavioral arousal and shifts in attention

Question 17

what does the dorsal longitudinal fasiculus carry

Answer 17

• visceral sensory axons from reticular formation –> hypothalamus
• input from locus coeruleus (NE) and Raphe nuclei (serotonin)
• Efferent hypothalamic axons –> preganglionic autonomic NS

Question 18

what is the medial forebrain bundle

Answer 18

relays information between cortex, hypothalamus, and brainstem

Question 19

what are the afferent pathways of the fornix

Answer 19

hippocampus –> mammillary bodies and hypothalamus + areas in the basal forebrain region

Question 20

what are the afferent pathways of the stria terminalis

Answer 20

amygdala –> hypothalamus

Question 21

what are the visceral inputs

Answer 21

reticular formation
nucleus of the solitary tract (receives input from VII, IX, X)

Question 22

what are the neuromodulatory inputs

Answer 22

locus coeruleus
raphe nuclei

Question 23

where is the relatively unprocessed sensory input from

Answer 23

retina (retinal ganglion cells to the suprachiasmatic nucleus)
olfactory bulb
olfactory cortex

Question 24

where is the highly processed sensory input from

Answer 24

amygdala
hippocampus
cingulate gyrus
prefrontal cortex
related to emotionally significant and memorable events