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Functional Neuroanatomy > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Nissil Stain used for?

A

Stains RNA in ribosomes on the endoplasmic reticulum in cell bodies and the nucleolus; Also stains glial cells but very lightly and mostly in the nucleolus

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2
Q

What is the weakness of the Nissil Stain

A

does not stain dendrites or axons

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3
Q

What is the golgi stain (silver stain) used for

A

stains the entire neuron including the dendrites and axons

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4
Q

What is a myelin stain used for

A

staining myelinated axons due to the stains affinity for lipids

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5
Q

Why is the myelin stain useful for diagnosis

A

Identifies regions which have areas of demyelination therefore is useful for diagnosis diseases like multiple scelerosis

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6
Q

How is immunocytochemistry used for cell labeling?

A

Antibodies are created against the antigen (Molecule of Interest), the primary antibody attaches to the antigen and the secondary antibody with a visible tag then attaches to the primary antibody

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7
Q

what is a flurophore

A

a molecule that will emit light when stimulated

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8
Q

What is double labeling?

A

Different antibodies can bind to different proteins on the same neuron; will show as a combination color of the two antibody tags (red+green=yellow)

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9
Q

what is a multipolar neuron

A

have multiple dendrites and one axon

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10
Q

what is a bipolar neuron

A

has one dendrite and one axon

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11
Q

what is a pseudo-unipolar neuron

A

have a single axon with peripheral and central branches

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12
Q

Describe a sensory neuron

A

Bipolar or pseudo-unipolar
receive input from receptors in the PNS
Transmits signals from peripheral receptors to CNS
Afferent Neuron

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13
Q

what is an afferent neuron

A

a neuron carrying a signal from the PNS to the CNS

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14
Q

Describe a motor Neuron

A

multipolar neurons
transmits signals from the CNS to an effector in the PNS
efferent neuron

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15
Q

what is an efferent neuron

A

a neuron carrying a signal from the CNS to the PNS

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16
Q

Describe an interneuron

A

usually multipolar
neither sensory nor motor
located entirely in the CNS

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17
Q

describe glial cells

A

non-neuronal cells that have a range of functions in the nervous system

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18
Q

What are the glial cells found in the CNS

A

oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia

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19
Q

what are the glial cells found in the PNS

A

schwann cells

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20
Q

what is the function of microglia

A

phagocytosis of foreign and dead material after injury to the brain

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21
Q

what is the function of ependymal cells

A

lines cavities in the CNS

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22
Q

what is the function of astrocytes

A

Regulation of:
ion concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid
neurotransmitter concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid/synaptic cleft
blood flow in blood vessels within the brain

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23
Q

what is the function of oligodendrocytes

A

forms myelin in the CNS

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24
Q

what is the function of schwann cells

A

forms myelin in the PNS

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25
Q

what is the difference between schwann cells and oligodendrocytes

A

one oligodendrocyte contacts multiple axons while one schwann cell contacts a single axon

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26
Q

what are the two divisions of the peripheral
nervous system

A

somatic and autonomic

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27
Q

what is the function of the somatic nervous system

A

nerves innervating skeletal muscle (voluntary control and reflexes)

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28
Q

what is the function the autonomic nervous system

A

nerves innervating smooth muscle, glands, and organs (involuntary control)

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29
Q

what is the meaning of contralateral

A

referring to structures on the opposite of the midline

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30
Q

what is ipsilateral

A

referring to structures on the same side of the midline

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31
Q

what is the meaning of bilateral

A

referring to a mirror image across the midline

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32
Q

what is the difference between distal vs proximal

A

distal - farther from the midline
proximal - closer to the midline

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33
Q

what is the difference between medial vs lateral

A

medial - closer to the midline
lateral - farther from the midline

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34
Q

what is the horizontal plane of the brain

A

cuts side to side, front to back; horizontal to the ground

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35
Q

what is the horizontal plane in the spinal cord

A

vertical to the ground

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36
Q

what is the coronal plan in the brain

A

vertical to the ground; cuts side to side top to bottom

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37
Q

what is the coronal plane in the spinal cord

A

horizontal to the ground

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38
Q

what is the sagittal plane

A

cuts from top to bottom, front to back

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39
Q

mid-sagittal vs parasagittal

A

mid-sagittal – at the midline
parasagittal - lateral to the midline
(can tall if its para sagittal if you can see the eye; if it is mid sag then you would see nose)

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40
Q

what is gastrulation

A

blastocyst transitions to a gastrula

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41
Q

what is a gastrula

A

when the embryo is a hollow cup shape with three layers

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42
Q

what are the three layers of the gastrula

A

mesoderm, ectoderm, endoderm

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43
Q

what is the outside layer of the gastrula and what does it become

A

ectoderm; becomes the skin and nervous system

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44
Q

what are the stages of neurulation

A
  1. Cells in the mesoderm form the notochord
  2. The notochord causes the ectoderm above it to thicken and become the neural plate
  3. The neural plate rolls up and forms the neural groove, which is surrounded by the neural folds
  4. These structures continue to turn in on themselves forming the neural tube (inside) and the neural crest (above the neural tube)
  5. the anterior end will form the cephalic end which will become the brain
  6. the posterior end will become the spinal cord
  7. each end has a neuropore which remains open for several weeks
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45
Q

what results if the posterior neuropore fails to close

A

spina bifida

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46
Q

what results if the anterior neurophore fails to close

A

anencephaly

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47
Q

what does the neural tube give rise to

A

motor neurons, preganglionic motor neurons of the ANS, interneurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes

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48
Q

what do the neural crest cells give rise to

A

sensory neurons, post ganglionic motor neurons of the ANS, Pia mater, Arachnoid cells, schwann cells

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49
Q

what is the ependymal zone of the neural tube

A

inside of the neural tube (lining of the central canal) a.k.a neuroepithelium

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50
Q

what is the mantle zone of the neural tube

A

the middle layer

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51
Q

what is the marginal zone of the neural tube

A

the outermost layer

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52
Q

what is the function of radial glial

A

they guide neurons to their correct location

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53
Q

what happens to radial glial cells when they are no longer needed

A

they differentiate into astrocytes

54
Q

what does the mantle zone become in an adult brain

A

gray matter

55
Q

what does the marginal zone become in an adult brain

A

white matter

56
Q

how do axons of sensory neurons project

A

they project through the marginal zone into the mantle zone

57
Q

how do axons of spinal motor neurons project

A

they project out through the marginal zone

58
Q

how is white matter and gray matter organized in the spinal cord

A

white matter (marginal zone) develops external to gray matter (mantle zone)

59
Q

what does the neural tube look like at 4 to 6 weeks of gestation

A
  • the dorsal half is the alar plate
  • the ventral half is the basal plate
60
Q

what is the alar plate

A

contains interneurons that will receive input from the axons of sensory neurons

61
Q

what is the basal plate

A

the origin of motor neurons

62
Q

what happens during encephalization

A

neuroblasts migrate into the marginal zone where they form layers

63
Q

what is the organization of gray and white matter in the cerebellar and cerebral cortices

A

gray matter develops external to white matter

64
Q

what is the three vesicle stage at four weeks gestation

A
  1. prosencephalon
  2. mesencephalon
  3. rhombencephalon
65
Q

what does the rhombencephalon develop into at five weeks gestation

A

metencephalon , myelencephalon (hindbrain)

66
Q

what does the caudal neural tube develop into at five weeks gestation

A

spinal cord

67
Q

what does the myelencephalon develop into at five weeks gestation

A

medulla

68
Q

what does the metencephalon develop into at five weeks gestation

A

pons, cerebellum

69
Q

what does the mesencephalon develop into at five weeks gestation

A

midbrain

70
Q

what the prosencephalon develop into at five weeks gestation

A

telencephalon, diencephalon (forebrain)

71
Q

what does the telencephalon develop into at five weeks gestation

A

cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, rhinencephalon

72
Q

what does the rhinencephalon develop into at five weeks gestation

A

olafactory bulb

73
Q

what does the diencephalon develop into at five weeks gestation

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, optic vesicle

74
Q

where does the lateral ventricles develop at five weeks gestation

A

telencephalon

75
Q

where does the third ventricle develop at five weeks gestation

A

diencephalon

76
Q

where does the cerebral aqueduct develop at five weeks gestation

A

mesencephalon

77
Q

where does the fourth ventricle develop at five weeks gestation

A

in met- and myelencephalon

78
Q

where does the central canal develop at five weeks gestation

A

in spinal cord

79
Q

what and where is the cephalic flexure

A

between the midbrain and hindbrain and is responsible for the 90 degree bend in the neuraxis

80
Q

what happens at the 3 month gestation period

A

expansion in telencephalon, growth now covers diencephalon, ventricles undergo expansion with the rest of the structures

81
Q

what happens as the brain develops further (6 months to 9 months)

A

expansion of the cerebral hemispheres progresses outwardly in the form of a C, to increase surface area and fit more cells the cortex folds in on itself

82
Q

what are funiculi aka spinal columns

A

bundles of axons that run up or down the spinal cord

83
Q

what are fasiculi (sing. fasciculus)

A

subdivisions of large spinal columns

84
Q

what are tracts

A

axon pathways within the spinal cord and the brain

85
Q

what is the cauda equina

A

the roots of the ventral and dorsal spinal nerves, which form a bundle within the lowest part of the spinal column.

86
Q

what is the lumbar cistern

A

a space filled with cerebrospinal fluid in which the cauda equina sits

87
Q

where does the spinal cord end

A

between the L1 and L2 vertebrae

88
Q

why is a spinal tap performed in the lumbar cistern

A

the spinal nerves are able to move out of the way due to floating in the CSF in the lumbar cistern so there is no damage to the spinal nerves

89
Q

which spinal segment has the most amount of gray matter and why

A

the cervical level due to lots of motor neurons for fine motor control of arms and hands

90
Q

which is the spinal segment with the third most amount of gray matter

A

thoracic level

91
Q

which is the spinal segment with the second most amount of gray matter and why

A

lumbar level due to motor neurons projecting to the legs

92
Q

what are the three main divisions of the brainstem

A

midbrain, pons, medulla

93
Q

what are the functions/components of the brainstem

A

vegetative functions
cranial nerves
ascending and descending axons
rhythmic and crude motor control

94
Q

what are the medullary pyramids

A

contains fibers of the corticospinal tract
located on VENTRAL surface of brain stem

95
Q

what is the pyramidal decussation

A

when fibers of the corticospinal tract cross to the contralateral side of the body

96
Q

what are the inferior olives

A

provide afferent input to cerebellum
located on the ventral surface of the brainstem

97
Q

what is the pons

A

located on the ventral side of the brainstem
connects the brainstem and cerebellum via axons that form the cerebellar peduncles

98
Q

what are the pontine nuclei

A

clusters of neurons between axons in the pons
convey motor information from the cortex to the cerebellum
located in the pons

99
Q

what are the cerebellar peduncles

A

contains axons relaying information into and out of the cerebellum

100
Q

what is the cerebral peduncle

A

contain ascending sensory axons and descending motor axons

101
Q

what are the mammillary bodies

A

on ventral side
associated with the hypothalamus

102
Q

what is the inferior colliculi

A

relay auditory information to the thalamus

103
Q

what is the superior colliculi

A

relay visual and other sensory information to motor neurons involved in orienting movements

104
Q

what are distinguishing features of the midbrain

A

cerebral pendules
cerebral aquaduct

105
Q

what are distinguishing features of the rostral medulla

A

fourth ventricle, inferior olive

106
Q

what are the distinguishing features of the caudal medulla

A

central canal, pyramidal decussation, pyramid

107
Q

what are the distinguishing features of the middle medulla

A

central canal, pyramid

108
Q

what are the higher parts of the brain

A

cerebellum, diencephalon, telencephalon

109
Q

what are the parts of the diencephalon

A

thalamus, hypothalamus

110
Q

what are the parts of the telencephalon

A

basal ganglia and cerebral cortex

111
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum

A

motor coordination, error correction, motor learning, timing of movements

112
Q

what is the function of the thalamus

A

relay station; receives sensory information to primary sensory cortices, projects to and receives feedback projections from the cortex

113
Q

what is the function of the hypothalamus

A

regulation of autonomic nervous system
releases hormones (attached to pituitary gland)
major visceral center

114
Q

what is the function of the basal ganglia

A

motor planning/gating

115
Q

what is a major characteristic of the components of the telencephalon

A

has a backwards C shape

116
Q

what is the central sulcus

A

separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

117
Q

what is the lateral fissue

A

separates the parietal lobe and frontal lobe from the temporal lobe

118
Q

what is the lamboid suture

A

separates parietal and occipital bones

119
Q

what is the sagittal suture

A

lies along midline and separates two parietal bones

120
Q

what is the coronal suture

A

separates frontal and parietal bones

121
Q

what is the squamous suture

A

separates temporal bone from parietal and occipital bones

122
Q

what is the primary cortices

A

receives sensory input from the thalamus (except for the olfactory cortex) and from association cortices, involved in early processing of sensory input

123
Q

what are the association cortices

A

send and receive information only from other cortical areas
involved in “higher order” sensory, motor, and cognitive functions

124
Q

what is the function the association cortices of the occipital lobe

A

involved in early cortical visual processing

125
Q

what is the function of the primary visual cortex (V1)

A

organized as a map of the retina

126
Q

what is the function of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) in the parietal lobe

A

somatosensory inputs to each hemisphere come from the contralateral side of the body

127
Q

what is the function of the association cortices of the parietal lobe (posterior parietal complex)

A

high level visual processing, perception of the spatial organization of the world

128
Q

what is the function of the primary motor cortex (M1) of the frontal lobe

A

controls voluntary movements primarily of the contralateral body

129
Q

what are the association cortices of the frontal lobe and what are their functions

A

broca’s area (language)
prefrontal cortex (long term planning, working memory, and judgement)

130
Q

what is the primary cortex of the temporal lobe and what is its function

A

primary auditory cortex; organizes pitch of sounds

131
Q

what is the association cortices of the temporal lobe and what are its functions

A

wenickes area (language)
recognizing objects
memory

132
Q

what is the primary cortex of the insular lobe

A

gustatory cortex

Functional Neuroanatomy (12 decks)

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