Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Functional Neuroanatomy > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two major blood vessels that supply blood to the brain

A

Vertebral Arteries and Internal Carotid Arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the vertebral arteries

A

Part of the posterior circulation system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

where do the vertebral arteries supply blood to

A

upper spinal cord
brainstem
cerebellum
posterior part of the forebrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the internal carotid arteries

A

part of the anterior circulation system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

where does the internal carotid arteries

A

mainly supply blood to the anterior part of the forebrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the branches of the vertebral arteries

A

anterior spinal artery
posterior spinal arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the basilar artery

A

formed where the vertebral arteries merge below the pons
runs along the ventral side of the pons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the branches of the basilar artery

A

pontine arteries
superior cerebellar arteries
anterior inferior cerebellar arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

where does the posterior cerebral arteries supply blood to

A

midbrain
diencephalon
inferior temporal lobe
posterior parietal lobe
occipital lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the branches of the internal carotid arteries

A

anterior cerebral arteries
middle cerebral arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

where does the anterior cerebral arteries supply blood to

A

anterior and medial cortical structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

where does the middle cerebral arteries supply blood do

A

most of the lateral side of the cortical hemispheres
portions of the basal ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the anterior communicating artery

A

connects the left and right anterior cerebral arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the posterior communicating arteries

A

place where the internal carotid and vertebral artery systems join on the ventral surface of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the circle of willis

A

the communicating arteries complete a circle of blood vessels which allows for redistribution of blood when a major artery in this circle is blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the dura mater

A

outermost layer
tough, thickest layer
does not closely follow the contours of the sulci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the two layers of the dura mater

A

periosteal layer
meningeal layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the periosteal layer

A

layer of dura mater closest to the bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the meningeal layer

A

layer of dura mater closest to the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the arachnoid mater

A

middle layer
thinner than the dura
closely apposed to the dura
does not closely follow the contours of the tissue below it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the subdural space

A

between the dura and arachnoid layer
can fill with fluid in response to injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the pia mater

A

innermost layer of the meninges
thin membrane covering the surface of the brain
closely follows the shape of the tissue below it
small capillary branches of surface blood vessels penetrate the pia and go into the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the subarachnoid space

A

physical space between the arachnoid and the pia
cerebrospinal fluid circulates through this space
surface capillaries run through it just above the pia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is arachnoid trabeculae

A

thin threads of connective tissue that connect subarachnoid layer to the pia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is a dural reflection

A

meningeal layer of the dura fold inward and fuse to form a space
suspension system that protects the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what are the two dural reflections

A

flax cerebri
tentorium cerebelli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is the falx cerebri

A

meningeal dura that lies within the longitudinal fissure and keeps the two cerebral hemispheres from colliding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is the tentorium cerebelli

A

covers the cerebellum and brainstem to keep the cortex from colliding with the cerebellum and/or brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are the lateral ventricles

A

located in the telencephalon
three ‘horns”: frontal, temporal, occipital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is the third ventricle

A

in the diencephalon
lies along the midline between the left and right thalami

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is the interventricular foramen

A

passage that connects the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is the fourth ventricle

A

located in the pons and medulla between the cerebellum and the dorsal side of the brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is the cerebral aquaduct

A

located in the midbrain
passage that connects the third and fourth ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is the choroid plexus

A

tissue that makes cerebrospinal fluid in all four ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

where is CSF found in

A

all four ventricles
passages that connect ventricles
central canal
around brain and spinal cord in the subarachnoid space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what direction does cerebrospinal fluid flow in through the ventricles

A

caudally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

how is the choroid plexus

A

formed by invaginations of the pia mater and capillaries into the ventricular space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what is a sinuses

A

formed at a separation between the periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what are the arachnoid granulations

A

Place through which CSF drains from subarachnoid space into the sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what is the superior sagittal sinus

A

runs along the top of the falx cerebri
surface veins feed into this sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what is the inferior sagittal sinus

A

runs along the base of the cerebri
deep veins feed into this sinus
drains to the straight sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what is the confluence of sinuses

A

fluid from the superior and straight sinus goes into this place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what is the transverse sinuses

A

run laterally from the confluence of sinuses where the tentorium cerebelli is attached to the occipital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

where does in sigmoid sinus drain into

A

the internal jugular vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what is the somatosensory system

A

processes information related to the body surface, muscles, and tendons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What are cutaneous receptors

A

transduce information about something touching the skin
located on the peripheral axons of pseudo-unipolar cells which are primary afferent neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

how do cutaneous receptors differ

A

type of nerve ending
sensory threshold
adaption rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what are the types of nerve endings

A

free nerve endings
encapsulated endings (corpuscles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what are free nerve endings

A

tip of axon is in the cutaneous tissue without anything surrounding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what are encapsulated nerve endings

A

have a cap of connective tissue surrounding the tip of the sensory axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what is a low threshold receptor

A

respond to minimal stimuli
ex. touch of a feather

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what is a high threshold receptor

A

respond to only stronger stimulation
ex. tackle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

what does it mean for a nerve to be slowly adapting

A

respond throughout the entire stimulus though the action potential rate with gradually decrease throughout

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

what does it mean for a nerve to be rapidly adapting

A

respond only when a stimulus begins and ends but not while the stimulus is present and not changing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

what are cutaneous thermoreceptors

A

communicate skin temperature
free nerve endings, low threshold, rapidly adapting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

do all thermoreceptors respond to the same temperature

A

no, some thermoreceptors respond to hot and some cold; different types of thermoreceptors have different temperature ranges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

what are cutaneous nociceptors

A

communicate possible/impending tissue damage
free nerve ending
slowly adapting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

what are the types of nociceptors

A

high threshold mechanoreceptors
thermal nociceptors
chemosensitive nociceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

what are high threshold mechanoreceptors

A

respond only to intense mechanical stimulation that is likely to cause tissue damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

what is a thermal nociceptor

A

respond to extremes of heat and cold temperatures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

what is a chemosensitive nociceptor

A

mainly respond to chemicals released in response to tissue damage and inflammation but can also respond to external chemicals such as capsaicin

62
Q

what is nociceptor sensitization

A

occurs when nociceptors react to lower amounts of pain than they normally would

63
Q

what can nociceptor sensitization lead to

A

allodynia
hyperalgesia

64
Q

what is allodynia

A

normally NON-painful stimuli are now painful

65
Q

what is hyperalgesia

A

PAINFUL stimuli are now cause more pain than normal

66
Q

what are cutaneous mechanoreceptors

A

distortions of the skin, muscles, or tendons physically pull ion channels open

67
Q

what are tactile cutaneous mechanoreceptors

A

related to sense of touch
all tactile receptors are cutaneous mechanoreceptors

68
Q

what is a peritrichial receptor

A

receptors in hairy skin
nerve endings around the roots of skin hairs
free nerve endings, low threshold, rapidly adapting

69
Q

what are encapsulated tactile receptors

A

meissner’s corpuscle
merkel’s disc
pacinian corpuscle
ruffini corpuscle

70
Q

what does low spatial resolution mean

A

low density (few axons)
large receptive fields
high overlap
ex. back

71
Q

what does high spatial resolution mean

A

high density (many axons)
small receptive fields
low overlap
ex. finger tips

72
Q

what are meissner’s corpuscles

A

nerve endings inside capsules of connective tissue
encapsulated, low threshold, rapidly adapting, small receptive fields
sense velocity of objects moving on skin

73
Q

what are merkel’s discs

A

nerve ending in close contact with a capsule of connective tissue
encapsulated, low threshold, slowly adapting, small receptive fields
senses constant contact with skin and intensity of touch

74
Q

what are pacinian corpuscles

A

large sensory axons embedded in fluid filled layers of connective tissue cells deep in the skin
encapsulated, low threshold, very rapidly adapting, large receptive fields
respond mainly to vibration

75
Q

what are ruffini corpuscles

A

sensory axons runs through bundles of collagen fibers deep in the skin
the collagen fibers deform the sensory axon when the skin is stretched
encapsulated, low threshold, slowly adapting, large receptive fields
sense stretching of skin

76
Q

what are proprioceptors

A

respond to movement of the tissue in which they are embedded
important components of reflex circuitry
helps maintain balance, control limb movement, and maintain grip strength

77
Q

what are the types of proprioceptors

A

muscle spindles
golgi tendon organs

78
Q

what are muscle spindles

A

respond to muscle stretch

79
Q

what are golgi tendon organs

A

respond to muscle contraction
found at junctions between tendons and muscles

80
Q

Dorsal column pathway

A

tactile and proprioceptive information from body to CNS

81
Q

spinothalamic pathway (anterolateral pathway)

A

pain, temperature, and crude touch from body to CNS

82
Q

spinoreticular pathway

A

diffuse pain from body to wisespread areas of the thalamus and cortex

83
Q

trigeminal afferent pathway

A

tactile and pain information from face to CNS

84
Q

What are the common characteristics across all the ascending pathways

A

three neurons in series
pathway crosses midline
somatotopically organized
each pathway maintain modality specificity

85
Q

what does the conduction velocity of neurons depend on

A

axon diameter and degree of myelination

86
Q

What is the conduction velocity of fibers from fastest to slowest

A

A alpha, A beta, A delta, C

87
Q

what is layers I-VI of Rexed’s laminae

A

dorsal horn
sensory neurons
interneurons

88
Q

what is layer VII of Rexed’s laminae

A

lateral horn and ventral horn
preganglionic motor neurons of the ANS

89
Q

what is layer VIII and IX of Rexed’s laminae

A

ventral horn
somatic motor neurons

90
Q

where do the first order neurons of the dorsal column enter

A

enter the gray matter on the medial side

91
Q

describe the main branches of the first order neurons of the dorsal column

A

do not synapse at the level of entry
ascend via the dorsal column
terminate in the dorsal column nuclei

92
Q

describe the collateral branches of the first order neurons of the dorsal column

A

terminate in layers III-VI of the dorsal horn and in layers VII and IX of the ventral horn

93
Q

What areas are in the gracile fasciculus in the dorsal column

A

sacral (closest to the midline) and lumbar

94
Q

what areas are in the cuneate fasciculus in the dorsal horn

A

thoracic (medial) cervical (lateral)

95
Q

where do the first order neurons synapse onto the second order neurons in the dorsal column

A

gracile and cuneate brainstem nuclei in the lower medulla

96
Q

where is the decussation of the dorsal column

A

second order neurons cross the midline in the medulla

97
Q

where do the second order neurons project to the third order neurons in the dorsal column

A

project via the medial lemniscus to 3rd order neurons in the thalamus

98
Q

where are the 3rd order neurons located in the dorsal horn

A

ventroposterior lateral thalamus

99
Q

where do the 3rd order neurons project to in the dorsal column

A

project ipsilaterally in the internal capsule to the primary somatosensory cortex and to the secondary somatosensory cortex

100
Q

describe the A delta fibers of the spinothalamic pathway

A

terminate in layers I and V
synapse onto second order spinothalamic neurons

101
Q

describe the C fibers of the spinothalamic pathway

A

terminate in layer II where there are no second order spinothalamic cell bodies

102
Q

where do the 1st order neurons synapse onto the 2nd order neurons in the spinothalamic pathway

A

in layers I-V in the dorsal horn

103
Q

where do the 2nd order neurons project to the 3rd order neurons in the spinothalamic pathway

A

project across the midline and travel via the spinothalamic tract to 3rd order neurons in VPL thalamus

104
Q

what is the somatotopic organization of the spinothalamic tract

A

cervical (closest to midline), thoracic, lumbar, sacral (fartherest)

105
Q

where is the decussation of the spinothalamic pathway

A

spinal cord

106
Q

describe pain sensation from A delta fibers

A

faster conduction than C fibers
arrives in SI cortex earlier than C
sharp intense pain
easy to localize

107
Q

describe pain sensation from C fibers

A

slower conduction
perceived as more diffuse pain
harder to localize

108
Q

describe the spinoreticular pathway

A

spinothalamic pathway axons ascend and synapse on 3rd order neurons in reticular formation in the brainstem; these RF neurons project to the intralaminar nucleus of the thalamus

109
Q

what is the spinoreticular pathway important for

A

mediating a global awareness of pain

110
Q

describe the trigeminal afferent pathway

A

1st: CN V to trigeminal brainstem nuclei
2nd: trigeminal nuclei to contralateral VPM thalamus
3rd: VPM to SI cortex

111
Q

what are soundwaves

A

rhythmic compressions of air molecules

112
Q

what dictates the pitch of sound

A

the frequency of the compressions of air

113
Q

what is the frequency range of human hearing

A

20 - 20,000 Hz

114
Q

What are the parts of the outer ear

A

auricle, external auditory meatus, tympanic membrane

115
Q

what are the parts of the middle ear

A

auditory ossicles and oval window

116
Q

what is the inner ear

A

cochlea

117
Q

what is the function of the middle ear

A

amplifies vibrations of the tympanic membrane and transfers them to the oval window

118
Q

what is the function of the malleus

A

receives vibrations from the tympanic membrane

119
Q

what is the function of the incus

A

forms a lever with the malleus to amplify vibrations of the tympanic membrane

120
Q

what is the function of the stapes

A

base touches the oval window

121
Q

what are the auditory ossicles

A

malleus, incus, stapes

122
Q

what is the eustachian tube

A

connects middle ear and throat

123
Q

what can a blockage of the eustachian tube cause

A

otitis media

124
Q

what are scala

A

three fluid filled chambers that run along the length of the cochlea

125
Q

what is the helicotrema

A

two scala joined at the apex of the cochlea

126
Q

describe the scala vestibuli

A

filled with perilymph
one end contains the oval window

127
Q

describe the scala media

A

filled with endolymph
contains the organ of corti and the tectorial membrane

128
Q

describe the scala tympani

A

filled with perilymph
one end contains round window
continuous with the scala vestibuli at the heliocotrema

129
Q

describe the vestibular membrane

A

separates scala vestibuli from scala media
very thin so vibrations in scala vestibuli vibrate the fluid in the scala media as well

130
Q

describe the basilar membrane

A

cell bodies of hair cells are attached to this membrane
vibrates in response to movement in the fluid within the scala vestibuli

131
Q

describe the tectorial membrane

A

in the scala media
stereocilia of hair cells touch this membrane
more rigid than the basiliar membrane

131
Q

describe the tectorial membrane

A

in the scala media
stereocilia of hair cells touch this membrane
more rigid than the basiliar membrane

132
Q

what is the function of hair cells

A

transduce mechanical pressure into a neuronal signal

133
Q

what are the two types of hair cells

A

inner and outer hair cells

134
Q

describe inner hair cells

A

sensory cells
single row along basiliar membrane
stereocilia touch the tectorial membrane

135
Q

describe outer hair cells

A

3 rows along external side of basiliar membrane
receive efferent signals via CNVIII that cause the outer hair cells to shorten

136
Q

What does the shorten of outer hair cells do

A

the change in shape alters the spacing between the tectorial membrane and the hair cells which adjusts the sensitivity of the inner hair cells to fluid vibrations

137
Q

what is the function of stereocilia

A

fine cilia on hair cells that detect fluid movement in cochlea and semicircular canals

138
Q

what are tip links

A

connects adjacent stereocilia; connected to cation channels in the membrane of stereocilia

139
Q

what happens whens stereocilia are bent

A

tip links pull the cation channels open which changes the membrane voltage of the hair cell

140
Q

what happens when stereocilia move toward the tallest stereocilia

A

channels open and K+ goes into the hair cell
hair cell depolarizes which releases more neurotransmitter than at rest

141
Q

what happens when stereocillia move away from the tallest stereocilia

A

more channels close than at rest
hair cell hyperpolarizes which releases less neurotransmitter than at rest

142
Q

describe a stereocilia at rest

A

some cation channels are open so a baseline level of glutamate is released when the stereocilia are not deflected

143
Q

how are hair cells activated

A

movements of the basilar membrane pushes the stereocilia against the tectorial membrane which causes them to bend

144
Q

what is the tonotopy of the base of the basiliar membrane

A

stiff and narrow
vibrates best at high frequencies

145
Q

what is the tonotopy of the apex of the basiliar membrane

A

wider and more flexible
vibrates best at low frequencies

146
Q

where do the auditory afferents travel to via CNVIII

A

dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei

147
Q

where do the neurons in the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei project to

A

inferior colliculus

148
Q

where does the inferior colliculus project to

A

medial lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

149
Q

where does the MLG project to

A

primary auditory cortex

150
Q

describe the primary auditory cortex (A1)

A

located in the superior temporal gyrus inside the lateral fissure
tonotopic map of the cochlea

151
Q

describe the secondary auditory cortex

A

located in the superior temporal gyrus lateral to A1

Functional Neuroanatomy (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions