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Neuroanatomy > Hypothalamus > Flashcards

Hypothalamus Flashcards

1
Q

Diencephalon is composed of:

A

Pituitary
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Epithalamus

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2
Q
A
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3
Q

Name some of the functions of hypothalamus

A

Thirst
Hunger
Sleep
Thermoregulation
Stress
Blood pressure
Sexual behavior
Lactation
Body growth
Salt balance
Sexual maturation
Gametogenesis
Pair bonding
Arousal
Learning
Heart rate
Cellular metabolism
Digestion
Respiration
Aggression
Fear
Parental behaviors
& More

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4
Q

Transections above the hypothalamus caused what? And what conclusions did the results of the experiment

A

Sham Rage. Non-threatening stimuli resulted in
-Biting
- Clawing
- Arching the back
- Piloerection
- Increased respiration and heartbeat

Led to the idea that the hypothalamus serves an
integrated role in coordinating emotional behavior and
low-level, autonomic physiology.

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5
Q
A
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6
Q
A
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7
Q

3 Functional modes of hypothalamus

A

1) neuroendocrine
2) autonomic
3) limbic

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8
Q

Water Balance Nuclei

A
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9
Q

Neuroendocrine areas of hypothalamus

A

Mostly preoptic/supraoptic
regions
- Peripheral targets
- Signals go through pituitary

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10
Q

Name 2 neuroendocrine pathways

A

Parvocellular and Magnocellular

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11
Q

Parvocellular

A

is indirect:
-Parvocellular neurons secrete releasing
hormones into the pituitary’s portal
vessels
-Portal vessels transport releasing
hormones into the adenohypophysis
-Endocrine cells in the pituitary then
secrete hormones into the general
circulation, where they act on targets
throughout the body

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12
Q

Parvocellular Hormones

A
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13
Q

Magnocellular

A

is direct!

Magnocellular neurons project via the infundibulum into the posterior
hypothalamus (neurohypophysis) and
secrete hormones directly into the general
circulation
The posterior pituitary is mostly lacking in
cell bodies

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14
Q

Magnocellular Hormones

A
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15
Q

By which mechanism is osmolarity of blood maintined?

A

A negative feedback loop

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16
Q

Explain hypothalamic role of osmotic balance

A

-Supraoptic nucleus (SON) of hypothalamus releases ADH
into bloodstream
-Kidneys respond to ADH by concentrating urine,
helping to retain water in blood
-Water deprivation increases ADH release
-If blood osmolarity increases, the circumventricular
organs (OVLT and SFO) sense the change through
intrinsically osmosensitive neurons
-Activation of SON by OVLT and SFO increases
ADH secretion

17
Q

How do the circumventricular organs sense blood osmotic balance?

A

THE CIRCUMVENTRICULAR ORGANS LACK A BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER

18
Q

How does the hypothalamus function with autonomic system?

A
  • Interactions with sympathetic and
    parasympathetic neurons in
    brainstem and spinal cord.
19
Q

AUTONOMIC CONNECTIONS WITH THE HYPOTHALAMUS (direct)

A

Direct, reciprocal projections:
Originate largely in PVN and LH

Travel primarily via the hypothalamospinal and
hypothalamomedullary tracts, which both begin within
the medial forebrain bundle

Target general visceral efferent (GVE) motor nuclei in
medulla (cranial nuclei VII, IX, X)

Also target preganglionic sympathetic neurons in
spinal cord

Control and/or detect salivation, heart rate,
respiration, blood pressure, visceral functions, etc.

20
Q

indirect

A
21
Q

AUTONOMIC CONNECTIONS WITH THE HYPOTHALAMUS (indirect)

A

Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus and mammilotegmental
tract innervate the periaqueductal grey
Descending projections from PAG innervate brainstem
and spinal autonomic nuclei
(Minor) Some DLF axons also project directly to
brainstem nuclei and down the spinal cord

22
Q

Papez Circuit

A

Mammilary bodies -> thalamus cingulate cortex -> entorhinal cortex -> hippocampus -> mammillary bodies (via fornix)

Basis for the original concept of the limbic system
Convergence of signals from hypothalamus and sensory cortex at cingulate proposed to mediate conscious experience of emotion
Now known to be important for memory: links behavior to motivation

23
Q
A
24
Q
A
25
Q

3D Fornix

A
26
Q
A
27
Q

CNS inputs into hypothalamus

A

Septum
Amygdala (visceral fear)
Cortex
Hippocampus (via fornix)
Thalamus
Retina (circadian rhythms)
Olfactory system
Neuromodulatory brainstem

28
Q

CNS outputs from hypothalamus

A

Septum
Amygdala
Cortex
Hippocampus (via fornix)
Thalamus (via mammilothalamic
tract)
Spinal cord

Neuroanatomy (16 decks)

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