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Neuroanatomy > Auditory + Vestibular > Flashcards

Auditory + Vestibular Flashcards

1
Q

Role of External Ear / Ear Cannal

A

Collecting sound
Sound amplification (select frequencies)
Sound localization (vertical plane)

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2
Q

Role of middle ear

A

impedance matching
(mediated by ossicles)

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3
Q

Role of inner ear

A

mechanoelectrical transduction of sound (auditory) and motion (vestibular)

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4
Q

What properties of ear allow impedance matching?

A
  1. Area ratio of Tympanic membrane to stapes footplate (20:1)
  2. Interconnected Ossicles generate leverage
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5
Q

Function of Eustachian Tube

A

to equalize pressure between Middle Ear and environment
Drain mucus

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6
Q

Otitis Media

A

disease where bacteria of nasopharynx invade and multiply in middle ear. They gain entry through the Eustachina tube. Generates pressure and pain.
Repeated cases of Otitis Media may result in CONDUCTIVE hearing loss.

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7
Q

Difference between conductive hearing loss and Sensorineural hearing loss

A

MATTER OF LOCATION!

Conductive hearing loss: middle ear cavity

sensorineural hearing loss: Cochlea & CN VIII

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8
Q

inner ear diagram

A
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9
Q
A
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10
Q
A
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11
Q

Organ of Corti

A
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12
Q

How are auditory stereociliary bundles moved?

A

They are deflected by the tectorial membrane

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13
Q

How do fibers of increasing length move together?

A

linker (tip-link) aids w/ mechano-transduction channel

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14
Q

Two types of fluid in ear

A

Perilymph: extracellular fluid w/ ionic composition similar to CSF. Perilymphatic Duct drains to the subarachnoid space and is continuous w/ CSF

Endolymph: similar ionic composition to intracellular fluids (high potassium) secreted by stria vascularis. Endolymphatic duct contains specialized epithelia that help maintain pH

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15
Q

name the fluids with which each compartment is filled

A
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16
Q

another view of fluid filled ear

A
17
Q

Explain the steps to mechanoelectrical transduction

A
  1. Movement
  2. Tension placed on Tip-links
  3. Mechanically-gated potassium channels open
  4. potassium exits into perilymph
  5. potassium entry depolarizes the hair cell, opening Ca2+ channels and neurotransmitter is released.
18
Q

How does the ear do frequency tuning

A

Resonance and traveling waves. Depending on the freq of the wave, certain parts of the cochlea vibrates. There is compression and rarefaction as the wave travels down the length of the cochlea and returns

19
Q

Difference between type I and type II Ganglion Neurons (afferent) (that inneravate the cochlea)

A

Type I
95% of total
Only innervate Inner Hair Cells (1SGN:1ICH)
10-20SGNs/IHC
Perception and Sound Localization
Projects to Cochlear Nuclei

Type II
5% of total
only innervate outer hair cells (8-10 OHCs)
1-2 SGNs/OHC
Auditory feedback, amp?
potential nociceptive function
central circuitry unclear

20
Q

Efferent Cochlear innervation

A

Lateral Olivocochlear Neurons:
cell bodies in lateral superior olive
primarily ipsilateral
Synapse onto Type I SGN dendrites
modulate firing rates

Medial Olivocochlear Neurons:
cell bodies in medial superior olive
ipsilateral and contralateral origin
synapse onto outer hair cells
regulate cochlear amplification

21
Q

Tonotopic orgranization in dorsal cochlear nucleus @ level of medulla/pons

A
22
Q
A
23
Q

Central Auditory Pathways

A
24
Q

Where do tonotopic freq maps occur in auditory pathway?

A

they’re maintained throughout!

25
Q

6 Major divisions of Vestibular system

A
  1. peripheral receptor apparatus
  2. Central Vestibular Nuclie
    a) vestibulo-ocular network
    b) vestibulo-cerebellar network
    c) vestibulo-spinal network
    d) vestibul-thalamo-cortical network
26
Q

Peripheral Recetpor Apparatus

A

inner ear vestibular organs - convert mechanical stimulus to electrical

27
Q

Central vestibular nucelui

A

4 regions of brain stem that receive/integrate/distribute information regarding movements and posture

28
Q

vestibulo-ocular network

A

coordinate motion and eye movements

29
Q

vestibulo-cerebellar network

A

balance, active modulation of vestibular reflexes

30
Q

vestibulo-spinal network

A

coordinate head movement and posture w/ axial musculatrue

31
Q

vestibulo-thalamo-cortical network

A

conscious perception of motion - spatial orientation

32
Q

Levels of central vestibular nuclei

A

superior, lateral, medial, inferior

33
Q

Is vestibular nuclei as well organized as auditory?

A

no!

34
Q

outputs of central vestibular nuclei

A
35
Q

vestibulo-ocular network

A

Neuroanatomy (16 decks)

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