Hyperthyroidism Flashcards
What is the typical history associated with hyperthyroidism?
Weight loss, heat intolerance, increased appetite. Palpitations, tremors, anxiety. History of goiter or thyroid nodules.
What are the key physical examination findings in hyperthyroidism?
Tachycardia, tremor, warm moist skin. Exophthalmos in Graves’ disease. Enlarged thyroid gland (goiter).
What investigations are necessary for diagnosing hyperthyroidism?
Low TSH, high free T4 and T3. Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI) in Graves’ disease. Radioactive iodine uptake scan.
What are the non-pharmacological management strategies for hyperthyroidism?
Educate on avoiding iodine-rich foods and supplements. Regular monitoring of thyroid function. Nutritional and psychological support.
What are the pharmacological management options for hyperthyroidism?
Antithyroid medications: methimazole, propylthiouracil (PTU). Beta-blockers for symptomatic relief. Radioactive iodine therapy or thyroidectomy in severe cases.
What are the red flags to look for in hyperthyroidism patients?
Severe symptoms: thyroid storm (fever, delirium, tachycardia). Eye symptoms: vision changes, eye pain. Signs of heart failure or arrhythmias.
When should a patient with hyperthyroidism be referred to a specialist?
Poor response to antithyroid medications. Consideration for radioactive iodine therapy or surgery. Management of Graves’ ophthalmopathy.
What is one key piece of pathophysiology related to hyperthyroidism?
Excessive production of thyroid hormones. Commonly caused by Graves’ disease, toxic multinodular goiter, or thyroid adenoma. Leads to increased metabolism and characteristic symptoms.
