Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cardiovascular System > Hypertension, diseases of aorta, arteries, veins and lymphatics > Flashcards

Hypertension, diseases of aorta, arteries, veins and lymphatics Flashcards

1
Q

how deadly is hypertension and why?

A

biggest killer in the world

because of the risk of cardiovascular disease and end-organ damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the causes of hypertension?

A

no single cause

polifactorial and poligenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the risks associated with hypertension?

A 
heart failure 
CVA (stroke, MI)
kidney failure
vascular disease
eye disease (retinopathy)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are some of the risk factors for hypertension?

A 
smoking
diabetes
age
gender (male)
obesity
pregnancy
alcoholism
genetics/family history
race
hypercholesterolaemia
environment
salt intake
stress
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

which family link is more likely to develop hypertension?

A

siblings and identical twins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

which ethnicity is more likely to develop hypertension?

A

afrocaribbeans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is defined as hypertension?

A

BP higher than 140/90

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what types of hypertension are there, what is their prevalence?

A 
primary hypertension (90%)
secondary hypertension (10%)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the causes of primary hypertension?

A

often idiopathic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the causes of secondary hypertension?

A

kidney disease
pregnancy
endocrine disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is a potential cause for primary hypertension?

A

increased arteriolar resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the main target of treatment for hypertension?

A

the RAAS system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the approach to hypertension?

A

stepped approach

use low doses of multiple drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are common drugs given for hypertension?

A 
ACEi/ARB
CCB
thiazide diuretics
methyldopa (pregnancy)
nifedipine (pregnancy)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what treatments are given to pregnant women for hypertension/preeclampsia?

A

methyldopa
nifedipine
beta blocker
hydralazine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

which subgroups should ACEi not be given to and why?

A

Older patients - because of kidney damage risk
Afrocaribbeans - because of angioedema risk
Pregnant women - because of teratogenicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what treatment should be given first line to people over 55 and afrocaribbeans for hypertension?

A

Calcium channel blocker or thiazide diuretic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are less commonly used drugs in hypertension?

A

doxazosin
methyldopa
hydralazine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what investigations should be done for hypertension?

A

Ambulatory BP meter
calculate risk (with online calculator)
ECG/kidney function tests (assess end-organ damage)
look for underlying treatable causes of HTN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are the main non-pharmacological treatments for hypertension?

A

weight loss
smoking cessation
salt intake reduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are common risk factors for aortic aneurysms?

A 
atherosclerosis
hypertension
smoking
high cholesterol
connective tissue diseases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the common types of aortic aneurysms?

A

saccular aneurysm
fusiform aneurysm
false (dissecting) aneurysm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are some infectious/inflammatory diseases which cause aortic disease?

A

takayasu’s arteritis

syphilis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are the imaging investigations carried out to diagnose aortic aneurysms?

A

Echocardiogram
CXR
MRI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the medical and surgical treatment for aneurysms?

A

medical - antihypertensives

surgical if severe/emergency

26
Q

what type of aneurysm is seen most commonly by cardiologists?

A

dissecting aneurysm

27
Q

how is a dissecting aneurysm diagnosed with imaging?

A

CXR
echocardiogram
CT scan

28
Q

what are some signs/symptoms of aortic aneurysms?

A
  • often asymptomatic
  • hoarseness/dysphagia if compressing L Recurrent laryngeal nerve
  • heart failure/aortic regurgitation
  • shortness of breath
29
Q

what are some signs/symptoms of dissecting aneurysms?

A
  • sharp pain between shoulder blades/chest pain
  • collapse
  • cardiogenic shock
  • pulmonary oedema
  • hypertension/hypotension
30
Q

what are the different types of aortic coarctation and the incidence of some of them?

A
  • ductal
  • pre-ductal (turner’s syndrome)
  • post-ductal (most common in adults)
31
Q

what are some of the signs of aortic coarctation?

A

hypertension upper limbs
low pulse/cold lower limbs

before subclavian artery:
radial-radial delay
right radio-femoral delay

after subclavian artery:
no radial-radial delay
right and left radio-femoral delay

32
Q

how is aortic coarctation diagnosed with imaging?

A

echocardiogram
CT scan
MRI scan

33
Q

what is the treatment of takayasu’s arteritis?

A

steroids

surgery if severe

34
Q

what are the complications of cardiac syphilis?

A

risk of aneurysm

risk of aortic regurgitation

35
Q

what are the cardiac risks associated with bicuspid aortic valve disorders?

A

abnormal aorta
risk of aneurysm/dissection
risk of aortic regurgitation

36
Q

what are the imaging investigations used to diagnose bicuspid aortic valve?

A

echocardiogram
CXR
MRI

37
Q

what are some symptoms in children and adults with aortic coarctation?

A

children - normally severe, heart failure

adults - hypertension

38
Q

what are the most common congenital aortic abnormalities due to?

A

Marfan’s syndrome
aortic coarctation
bicuspid aortic valve

39
Q

what are common causes of peripheral artery disease?

A

atherosclerosis

thromboembolism

40
Q

what are two common types of peripheral artery disease?

A

chronic limb ischaemia

acute limb ischaemia

41
Q

what are the risk factors for chronic limb ischaemia?

A

same risks as the ones for atherosclerosis

42
Q

what are possible signs of chronic limb ischaemia?

A 
pallor
pain
faint/no pulse
ulceration
gangrene if severe
prominent collateral circulation
43
Q

what are possible tests to diagnose chronic limb ischaemia?

A 
history and examination
ECG, FBC, U&E
Ankle Brachial Index
Buerger's test
Doppler ultrasound
CTA/MRA
angiogram
44
Q

what treatment options are there for chronic limb ischaemia?

A 
same as ischemic heart disease:
antiplatelets
blood pressure medication
statins
smoking cessation
exercise
diabetic control 
surgery - embolectomy, angioplasty/bypass
45
Q

what is the classification used to diagnose critical limb ischaemia?

A

fontaine classification

46
Q

what is acute limb ischaemia?

A

complete occlusion of artery supplying part of the leg

47
Q

what are the signs of acute limb ischaemia?

A 
6 P's
perishingly cold
pain
pallor
paresthesia
paralysis
pulseless
48
Q

what is the management of acute limb ischaemia?

A

analgesia, heparin

urgent surgery - embolectomy or angioplasty, amputation

49
Q

what is the main treatment of diabetic foot disease?

A

prevention, foot care
diabetic control
revascularisation
amputation

50
Q

what causes varicose veins?

A

regurgitation from saphenofemoral junction or saphenopoplitear junction –> increased pressure –> blood backs up the great/small saphenous vein

51
Q

what are possible signs/symptoms of varicose veins?

A 
obvious enlarged superficial veins
itching
burning 
heaviness
phlebitis
bleeding
ulcerating
swelling
pain
52
Q

what are the tests that can be done to diagnose varicose veins?

A

tap test

doppler test

53
Q

how can varicose veins be classified and treated?

A 
CEAP classification
only treat if symptomatic or severe CEAP
heat treatment (ablation)
deep treatment (slerotherapy)
stripping the vein
54
Q

what is chronic venous insufficiency?

A

inability of veins to move blood back up to the heart

55
Q

what symptoms can chronic venous insufficiency show?

A

oedema
eczema
ulceration
hypopigmentation

56
Q

how can chronic venous insufficiency be managed?

A

compression stockings

57
Q

what is lymphoedema and what can it be caused by?

A

obstruction of lymphatic drainage
primary or secondary
caused by obliteration of the lymph vessels or hyperplasia/congestion of lymph vessels

58
Q

how is lymphoedema commonly treated?

A

drainage and elevation

59
Q

what are the possible functional and anatomical imaging techniques used to visualise blood vessels?

A 
xray
catheter angiograms (xray + contrast)
CT
MRI
ultrasound
functional MRI
nuclear imaging
60
Q

which patients should not go through catheter angiograms?

A

people with renal disease

people with allergies to contrast

61
Q

what can be used as contrast apart from iodinated contrast?

A

carbon dioxide

Cardiovascular System (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions