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Cardiovascular System > Cardiac Embryology > Flashcards

Cardiac Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Which organ is the first to form in the developing embryo?

A

The cardiovascular system

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2
Q

From which germ layer does the cardiovascular system arise?

A

Splanchnic lateral plate mesoderm

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3
Q

What are the three germ layers called?

A

Ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

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4
Q

How does mesoderm subdivide?

A

Paraxial mesoderm, intermediate plate mesoderm, lateral plate mesoderm (somatic and splanchnic)

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5
Q

How do somites subdivide?

A

Dermatomes, myotomes and sclerotomes

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6
Q

What do dermatomes, myotomes and sclerotomes form respectively?

A

Dermis of skin (dermatome), muscle (myotome) and bone (sclerotome)

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7
Q

What are the four main stages in heart development?

A
  1. Heart primordia fusing to make primitive heart tube
  2. Heart looping
  3. Atrial and ventricular septa forming
  4. Outflow tract septation
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8
Q

During which week of development does the heart start functioning (and beating)?

A

Around week 4 (beating around day 24)

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9
Q

What are the regions of the primitive heart tube from bottom to top (inlet to outlet)?

A 
Sinus venosus
Atrium
Ventricle
Bulbus cordis
Truncus arteriosum
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10
Q

What are the three veins on either horn of the sinus venosus which drain into it in an embryo?

A

Vitelline vein; Umbilical vein; Common cardinal vein

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11
Q

What do the vitelline, umbilical and common cardinal veins drain respectively?

A

Yolk sac; Placenta; Embryo body

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12
Q

Which region of the primitive heart tube gives rise to the right ventricle?

A

Bulbus cordis

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13
Q

Where is the foramen ovale found?

A

In interatrial septum secundum

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14
Q

How are the aorta and the pulmonary trunk formed and separated?

A

Top part of bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosus undergo spiral septation

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15
Q

What region of the primitive heart tube gives rise to the left atrium?

A

Primitive atrium

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16
Q

What region of the primitive heart tube gives rise to the right atrium?

A

Sinus venosus

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17
Q

What region of the primitive heart tube gives rise to the aorta and pulmonary trunk?

A

Truncus arteriosus

18
Q

List the four defects in Tetralogy of Fallot

A
  1. Pulmonary stenosis
  2. RV Hypertrophy
  3. Ventricular Septal Defect
  4. Overriding aorta
19
Q

What causes Tetralogy of Fallot?

A

Anterior displacement of aorticopulmonary septum in truncus arteriosus (larger space for aorta and smaller for pulmonary trunk)

20
Q

What heart defect is often found in Turner’s Syndrome?

A

Aortic coarctation

21
Q

What heart defect is often found in Down’s Syndrome?

A

VSD

22
Q

Which sex is more likely to develop atrial septal defect?

A

Females

23
Q

Which sex is more likely to develop ventricular septal defect?

A

Males

24
Q

What is transposition of the great arteries?

A

Aorta coming off right ventricle and pulmonary trunk coming off left ventricle

25
Q

What are the two causes of transposition of the great arteries?

A
  1. Failed spiral septation

2. Abnormal neural crest cells migration

26
Q

Which two congenital abnormalities are more common in females?

A

ASD and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

27
Q

What makes up the membranous interventricular septum?

A

The bottom of the spiralled aorticopulmonary septum

28
Q

What happens to the first and second aortic arches?

A

Becomes the maxillary arteries coming off the external carotid arteries

29
Q

What happens to the third aortic arches?

A

Become carotid arches (form internal carotid arteries)

30
Q

What happens to the fourth aortic arches?

A

Right - becomes right subclavian artery

Left - becomes aortic arch

31
Q

What happens to the fifth aortic arches?

A

Disappear or don’t appear at all

32
Q

What happens to the sixth aortic arches?

A

Right - becomes proximal end of right pulmonary artery

Left - becomes left pulmonary artery and forms ductus arteriosus (later ligamentum arteriosum)

33
Q

List four common heart defects associated with aortic arches

A
  1. Aberrant subclavian artery
  2. Coarctation of aorta
  3. Double aortic arch
  4. Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
34
Q

What happens to the embryonic umbilical arteries?

A

Proximal end - become internal iliac and superior vesical arteries
Distal end - become umbilical ligaments

35
Q

What happens to the embryonic vitelline veins?

A

They become part of the hepatic portal circulation

36
Q

Name the three main embryonic circulation bypass structures and their function

A
  1. Ductus venosus (allows blood to bypass liver)
  2. Ductus arteriosus (allows blood to bypass lungs)
  3. Foramen ovale (allows blood to bypass lungs)
37
Q

What happens to the ductus venosus, ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale after birth?

A

They become ligamentum venosus, ligamentum arteriosus and fossa ovale

38
Q

What disease often causes patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)?

A

Maternal rubella during early pregnancy

39
Q

What happens to the umbilical veins?

A

Right - disappears

Left - becomes ligamentum teres in liver

40
Q

What happens to the cardinal veins?

A

They anastomose and become the IVC and SVC

41
Q

List the abnormalities that can occur in IVC and SVC development

A

Double IVC, double SVC, absent IVC, left SVC

Cardiovascular System (8 decks)

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