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Cardiovascular System > Heart muscle diseases > Flashcards

Heart muscle diseases Flashcards

1
Q

what is the possible aetiology of dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

often idiopathic

alcohol, endocrine disorders, genetic (gene mutations), inflammation, infection, trauma

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2
Q

what are the possible signs of dilated cardiomyopathy?

A 
same as heart failure:
raised JVP
murmur (MR)
peripheral/sacral/pulmonary oedema
pleural effusion
peripheral cyanosis
hepatomegaly 
displaced apex beat
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3
Q

what are some possible symptoms of dilated cardiomyopathy?

A 
same as heart failure:
SoB/orthopnea/PND
chest pain
exertional fatigue
cough
ankle swelling
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4
Q

what are possible investigations for dilated cardiomyopathy?

A 
bloods (FBC, U&E, CRP, BNP)
ECG
CXR
echo
MRI (ideally)
CT angiogram
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5
Q

what are the non-pharmacological treatments of dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

weight loss
exercise
diet
salt and water intake

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6
Q

what are the pharmacological treatment options for dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

erythropoietin if anaemic
treat underlying cause (endocrine, alcoholism etc)
ACEi/ARB, beta blockers, spironolactone
Anticoagulants

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7
Q

What is the aetiology if restrictive and infiltrative cardiomyopathy?

A

Half the time due to other diseases, otherwise unknown

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8
Q

What investigations should be done for restrictive/infiltrative cardiomyopathy?

A 
Bloods (FBC, CRP, U&E)
ECG
CXR
Echo
MRI ideally
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9
Q

What are the treatments for restrictive cardiomyopathy?

A

Limited
Anticoagulants
Heart transplant

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10
Q

What is the aetiology of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

Can be caused by diseases causing hypertrophy, genetic abnormalities, or idiopathic

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11
Q

What is the pathology of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

Disarray of myocytes, impaired relaxation on diastole

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12
Q

What are the signs of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

Can be none

May be raised JVP, irregular pulse, double apex beat

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13
Q

What are the symptoms of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

Can cause sudden cardiac death
Can have no symptoms
Fatigue, SoB (on exertion), palpitations
Left ventricular outflow obstruction

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14
Q

What are the non-pharmacological and pharmacological measures for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

Nonpharmacology:
Light exercise, avoid dehydration, genetic testing

Pharmacology: drugs to aid relaxation (beta blockers, vasodilating CCB’s)
internal defibrillator
Anticoagulants

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15
Q

What investigations can be done for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

Bloods
ECG
Echo
MRI

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16
Q

What can be some causes of myocarditis?

A 
Virus 
Bacteria 
Toxins 
Autoimmune
Inflammation
17
Q

What are some symptoms of myocarditis?

A

Heart failure symptoms
SoB
Chest pain
Fatigue

18
Q

What are some investigations for myocarditis?

A

Bloods (biomarkers, troponin)
ECG
Echo
MRI

19
Q

What is the difference between troponin levels with MI and with myocarditis?

A

MI - troponin levels rise then fall

Myocarditis - troponin levels stay high

20
Q

What treatment options are available for myocarditis?

A

Supportive treatment, relieve symptoms
Treat underlying cause
Immunotherapy

21
Q

What is PR depression on an ECG specific for?

A

Pericarditis

22
Q

What is pericarditis and what is it caused by?

A

Inflammation of only pericardium

Can be bacterial, viral, post MI, cancer, dissection

23
Q

What are symptoms of pericarditis?

A

Fever

Specific pericardial pain

24
Q

What are some signs of pericarditis?

A

Potentially raised JVP
Pericardial rub
Low blood pressure
Muffled heart sounds

25
Q

What investigations should be done for pericarditis?

A

ECG
Bloods (troponin)
Echo

26
Q

What is the treatment of pericarditis?

A

Viral - conservative treatment
Bacterial - antibiotics, but high mortality
Idiopathic - colchicine + NSAIDs
Drain if necessary

27
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of pericardial effusion?

A

Often same as pericarditis:

Fatigue, SoB, cough, raised JVP, low BP

28
Q

What are the investigations of pericardial effusion?

A

ECG

Echo

29
Q

What are some signs of constrictive pericarditis?

A

Cough
SoB
Right heart failure

30
Q

What are some investigations for constrictive pericarditis?

A

Cardiac catheter

Echo

31
Q

What are possible causes of constrictive pericarditis?

A

It’s rare, normally idiopathic

Post surgery, radiation, autoimmune

Cardiovascular System (8 decks)

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