Hypertension and its changes

Question 1

Definition

Answer 1

High blood pressure is a major cause of premature vascular disease, leading to cerebrovascular events, ischemic heart disease and peripheral vascular disease

Question 2

Aetiology

Answer 2

Primary hypertension (essential hypertension):
– for most adults, there’s no identifiable cause of high blood pressure
– develops gradually over many years
– plaques build up in the arteries (atherosclerosis), increases the risk of high blood pressure

Secondary hypertension:
hypertension that is caused by an underlying condition:
– adrenal gland tumours
– blood vessels problems at birth (congenital heart defect)
– cough and cold medicines
– illegal drugs (cocaine and amphetamines)
– kidney disease
– obstructive sleep apnoea
– thyroid problems
– diabetes

Question 3

Epidemiology

Answer 3

Mortality rises with increasing BP

Prevalence is 30-45% of the general population

Question 4

Risk factors

Answer 4

Age
Race- common in black community
Obesity
lack of exercise
stress
too much salt
tobacco use or vaping

Question 5

Clinical presentation

Answer 5

Classification:
– stage 1 hypertension- clinic BP >140/90mmHg
– sage 2 hypertension- clinic BP >160/100mmHg
– severe hypertension- clinic systolic BP >180 mmHg and diastolic >110mmHg

Blood pressure higher than 180/120mmHg is considered a hypertensive emergency or crisis. Seek emergency medical help for anyone with these blood pressure numbers.

– headaches
– shortness of breath
– nosebleeds
– however these symptoms aren’t specific