Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 3 SBOM > Hypertension and hyperlipidaemia > Flashcards

Hypertension and hyperlipidaemia Flashcards

1
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Epidemiology of HTN?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What makes BP?

A

CO X SVR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why is BP regulated?

A

To maintain adequate tissue perfusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What stimulates renin to be released from the kidneys?

A

Low perfusion pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe RAAS

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What hormonal control of BP is there?

A

Circulating catecholamines
Adrenaline + Noradrenaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What receptors do adrenaline and noradrenaline (circulating catecholamines) act on?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where are the sensors for blood pressure in our bodies?

A

Baroreceptors at the aortic arch
Carotid body sends signal to brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is secondary HTN?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the risk factors for essential HTN?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What drugs can cause HTN?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the clinical signs of renal artery stenosis?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Does renal artery stenosis cause high or low renin secretion?

A

High - stimulated by renal under perfusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What pathologies cause renal artery stenosis?

A

Fibromuscular dysplasia in young

Atherosclerotic disease in arteriopaths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do you treat fibromuscular dysplasia?

A

Balloon dilation of renal arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

When would you stent renal arteries in renal artery stenosis caused by atherosclerotic disease?

A

If HTN is refractory
Medical management is first line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the pathophysiology of CKD?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Do ACE-I cause high or low K+?

A

High

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are phaeochromocytomas?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the symptoms of phaeochromocytomas?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the signs of phaeochromocytoma?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What tests do you do for phaeochromocytoma?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How do you treat phaeochromocytomas?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Why do you give both alpha and beta blockade for phaeochromocytomas?

A

If you just give BB it can cause unopposed alpha vasoconstriction leading to hypertensive crisis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the difference between cushings syndrome and cushings disease?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

When would you suspect cushings syndrome?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How do you test for cushings syndrome?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is Conn’s syndrome?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

When would you suspect Conn’s syndrome?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How would you diagnose Conn’s syndrome?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

How do you treat Conn’s syndrome?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is aortic coarctation?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How would you recognise aortic coarctation clinically?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

How do you diagnose and treat aortic coarctation?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What do you do for a BP under 140/90?

A

Re-check every 5 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What do you do if BP 180/120 or higher?

A

ECG - check for LVH
Bloods - Check for kidney damage

40
Q

What is stage 2 HTN?

A

150/95 or more

41
Q

What is stage 1 HTN?

A

135/85 - 149/94

42
Q

What are the effects of chronic HTN?

A
43
Q

What are the acute effects of severe HTN?

A
44
Q

What is the lifestyle advice for HTN?

A
45
Q

What examination signs do you look for in HTN?

A
46
Q

What are the grades of hypertensive retinopathy?

A
47
Q

What blood tests do you do in HTN?

A
48
Q

What ECG changes can you get in HTN?

A
49
Q

What drug class are Ramipril, Lisinopril and Enalapril?

A

ACE-I

50
Q

What drug class are Candesartan and Losartan?

A

Angiotensin-II receptor blockers

51
Q

What drug class is Doxazosin?

A

Alpha blocker

52
Q

What drug class are Amlodipine, Diltiazem and Verapamil?

A

Calcium channel blocker

53
Q

What drug class is Sodium Nitroprusside?

A

Vasodilator (direct acting)

54
Q

What drug class is Glyceryl trinitrate and Isosorbide mononitrate?

A

Nitrates

55
Q

What drug class is Bumetanide and Furosemide

A

Loop diuretics

56
Q

What drug class is indapamide?

A

Thiazide like diuretics

57
Q

What drug class is Bendoflumethiazide?

A

Thiazide diuretics

58
Q

What drug class is Spironolactone?

A

Aldosterone antagonist

59
Q

What drug classes are less effective for HTN in Black African or African Caribbean patients?

A

ACE-I and AR2Bs

60
Q

First line treatment for HTN with T2DM?

A

ACEI or AR2B

61
Q

First line for HTN in someone >55 or who is black African or african-caribbean?

A

CCB

62
Q

What is step two of HTN management from NICE?

A
63
Q

What is step three of HTN management from NICE?

A
64
Q

What is step four of HTN management from NICE?

A
65
Q

What is the HTN treatment target for those with high risk diabetes?

A

130/80

66
Q

What is the HTN treatment target for those >80?

A

150/90

67
Q

Difference between chronic HTN and Gestational HTN in pregnancy?

A

Chronic <20/40
Gestational >20/40

68
Q

When would you treat HTN in pregnancy?

A

If >140/90

69
Q

What HTN treatment would you avoid in pregnancy and why?

A

ACE-I, ARB and diuretics = reduce placental blood flow

70
Q

What are the HTN drugs of choice in pregnancy?

A

Labetalol
Nifedipine
Methyldopa

71
Q

What BP would you aim for with HTN treatment in pregnancy?

A

<135/85

72
Q

Signs of accelerated HTN?

A

Visual disturbances and headaches

73
Q

Signs of hypertensive encephalopathy?

A

Confusion and seizures

74
Q

Signs of aortic dissection?

A

Acute chest pain
AR murmur
Absent pulses

75
Q

What conditions require rapid HTN control?

A
76
Q

What medications would you give in hypertensive emergencies?

A
77
Q

In hypertensive emergencies, what % decrease in BP do you want to aim for immediately?

A

25%
and to normalise over 24 hours

78
Q

What are these stigmata of hyperlipidaemia?

A

Corneal arcus
Triglyceride deposits/spots
Xanthelasma (eyes/face)
Xanthmata (hands)

79
Q

MOA of statins?

A
80
Q

What was the landmark trial that established benefits of statins in IHD?

A
81
Q

What secondary prevention dose for statins?

A
82
Q

What specific tests do you measure for lipids?

A
83
Q

When would you get a specialist review for high lipids?

A
84
Q

What are the

A
85
Q

Causes of secondary dyslipidaemia?

A
86
Q

When is statin primary prevention recommended?

A
87
Q

What statin is recommended for primary prevention and when would you re-check lipids?

A
88
Q

What % reduction do you aim for in lipids when starting statins?

A

> 40% reduction in non-HDL cholesterol

89
Q

What do you give if you don’t get a >40% reduction in non-HDL after statin treatment?

A

Ezetimibe

90
Q

How does Ezetimibe work?

A
91
Q

What drug class is Evolocumab?

A

PCSK9 inhibitor

92
Q

How does Evolocumab work?

A
93
Q

When would Evolocumab be used?

A
94
Q

Side effects of Evolocumab?

A
95
Q

What is first line treatment for patients with very nigh TGs?

A

Bezafibrate

96
Q

How do fibrates (bezafibrate) work and what are their side effects?

A
97
Q
A

Year 3 SBOM (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions