Hypertension Flashcards
What is hypertension?
A level of sustained arterial pressure that is higher than expected for this age, sex and ethnicity of the individual
Blood pressure higher than ___/___ mmHg is classified as hypertension and is treated
140/90
Hypertension is a risk factor for what?
- Cerebral haemorrhage
- Aneurysm
- Atheroma
- Renal failure
- Sudden cardiac death
What are the two classifications of hypertension?
- Primary
2. Secondardary
What is primary hypertension?
Hypertension with an unknown cause (idiopathic)
What is secondary hypertension?
Hypertension as a result of another condition
How is MABP calculated?
MABP= Cox TPR
or
MABP = (2 x systolic + diastolic)/3
What three main factors can alter blood pressure?
- HR
- Contractility
- Blood volume
Total peripheral resistance is increased by which factor?
Vasoconstrictors
angiotensin II, catecholamines
Total peripheral resistance is decreased by which type of factor?
Vasodilators
nitric oxide, prostaglandins
What may be the cause if primary hypertension?
- Genetics
- Salt intake
- Protein intake
Cause of secondary hypertension may include?
- Renal disease
- Endocrine disease
- Aortic disease
- Renal artery stenosis
- Drug therapy
Why can renal functioning be a cause of hypertension?
If a disease is present such as renal artery stenosis, interstitial nephritis or glomerulitis
This will lead to reduced renal blood flow
Excess renin release
Salt and water overload in the blood (increased retention)
What is benign hypertension?
Hypertension with no harmful symptoms
What may benign hypertension eventually cause, even if it has no direct effects?
- Left ventricular hypertrophy
- Congestive heart failure
- Renal disease
- Aneurysm rupture
Why is hypertension bad for the heart?
Increased pressure damages the heart causing it to undergo fibrosis and the contractile ability will decrease
Which is microvascular injury and how is hypertension involved?
Hypertension can cause microvascular injury in small vessels
Thickening of the tunica media occurs as the arteries try to cope with the pressure
Hyaline arteriosclerosis occurs which involves plasma proteins and excessive extracellular matrix (from smooth muscle cells) being forced into the endothelial walls
This is associated with hardening of the arteries
What medical condition can occur as a result of pregnancy associated hypertension?
Eclampsia (convulsions and potential coma)
What are some risk factors for hypertension?
- Dyslipidaemia
- Reduced glucose tolerance
- High total cholesterol
- Being male
- Obesity
- low HDL
What device can be used to confirm the diagnosis of hypertension?
Ambulatory blood pressure monitor
or home blood pressure monitor
What is stage 1 hypertension?
Clinical BP 0 140/90mmHg
ABPM/HBPM- 135/85 mmHg
What is stage 2 hypertension?
Clinical BP- 160/100 mmHg
ABPM/HBPM- 150/95 mmHg
