Anatomy Flashcards
Which nerve sits anterior to the hilum of the lung?
Phrenic
phrenic in front
Which nerve sits posterior to the hilum of the lung?
Vagus nerve
Where does the phrenic nerve lie in relation to the pericardium?
To the lateral borders
Which two main layers is the pericardium split?
- Fibrous
2. Serous
The serous pericardium is subdivided into which two parts?
- Visceral- attaches directly to the heart
2. Parietal
The visceral serous pericardium is known by which other name?
Epicardium
Increased pericardial fluid can cause which condition?
Cardiac tamponade
What is it called if blood is in the pericardial space?
Haemopericardium
What is pericardiocentesis?
The process to remove fluid from the pericardial cavity
The needle is inserted at the infrasternal angle and directed posteriorly
What is the space called posterior to the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk?
Transverse pericardial sinus
What are the three heart surfaces?
- Anterior (sternalcostal)
- Base (posterior)- left atrium
- Inferior (diaphragmatic)
What are the 4 heart borders?
- Right
- Left
- Inferior- lies on the diaphragm
- Superior- great vessels
Where is the apex beat normally palpated?
5th intercostal space- mid-clavicular line
The heart is present in the ____ mediastinum
Middle
What are the heart auricles?
Extensions of the atria
Where does the right coronary artery run?
The right atrial ventricular groove
Where does the left coronary artery run?
Anterior inter ventricular groove- between the two ventricles
The posterior interventricular artery is a branch of which coronary artery?
Right
Which two coronary vessels lie in the posterior inter ventricular groove?
- Posterior interventricular artery
2. Posterior interventricular vein
Which coronary vessel collects deoxygenated blood and drains into the right atrium?
Coronary sinus
The left coronary artery is often known by which other name?
Anterior interventricular artery
What are the first branches to come of the aorta?
Coronary arteries
These is an anastomosis between the left and right coronary arteries.
True or false ?
True
The right coronary artery splits into which two main arteries?
- Right marginal artery
2. Posterior interventricular artery
Name the main branch off of the circumflex artery
Left marginal artery
Name the main branch off of the left anterior descending artery
Lateral (diagonal) branch
What are the two parts to the septum?
- Interatial septum- located at the interatrial groove
2. Interventricular septum- located at the anterior interventricular groove
Any septal defect may allow for what?
Mixing of blood
deoxygenated with oxygenated
What is Eisenmenger’s syndrome?
There is a left to right cardiac shunt due to higher left sided pressure
This occurs long term and results in pulmonary hypertension leading to damage to lung capillaries leading them to be replaced with scar tissue
Lung function decreases- scar tissue reduces lung compliance, additional blood volume
Over time, right ventricle hypertrophy occurs until right pressure exceeds the left and right to left cardiac shunt occurs
Systemic circulation is not adequately oxygenated, an O2 saturation decreases leading to cyanosis and organ damage
What are the tricuspid and mitral valves composed of?
- Valve leaflets
- Tendinous chords
- Papillary muscles
What are semi- lunar valves ?
Aortic and pulmonary
What are the semi-lunar valves composed of ?
3 pockets which can open up and occlude the artery preventing back flow
(similar to a lucozade bottle top)
What is the moderator band?
Septomarginal trabecular
Muscular band of tissue in the right atrium that can carry part of the AV bundle to the papillary muscle if the anterior cusp
What is the name of the border between the atrial and auricle walls?
Crista terminalis
In the left atrium remain of what embryological structure may still be present?
Foramen ovale
What are the three nerve systems of the heart?
- Autonomic innervation- sympathetic/ parasympathetic
- Visceral afferents- sensory
- Conducting system of the heart
Presynaptic fibres to the heart exit the spinal cord via what?
Spinal nerves
Spinal nerves can only exit the spinal cord in which region?
T1- L2/3 (thoracolumbar region)
When the spinal nerve exit the spinal cord, what 5 options is now presented with?
- Synapse with the ganglion at the level it exits
- Ascend superiorly to synapse with a superior ganglion
- Descend inferiorly and synapse with an inferior ganglion
- Become an abdominopelvic splanchnic nerve
- Pass through the sympathetic chain and synapse at the adrenal medulla (without synapsing as an abdominopelvic nerve)
