Hypertension Flashcards
What is hypertension? SBP:DBP with units
140:90 mmHg
What is the equation for RPP?
RPP = HR x SV
What is the rationale behind hypertension research?
Hypertension int he number 1 “physiological” cause of global mortality
What are the 5 non-modifiable risk factors of hypertension?
- Family history
- Age
- Sex
- Ethnicity
- Chronic kidney disease
Name 3 modifiable risk factors of hypertension
- poor diet
- overweight
- diabetes
What is the equation for blood pressure?
BP = Q x TPR
what percentage of adults in the UK don’t know they are hypertensive?
40-45%
what is sleep apnoea?
irregular breathing in your sleep
when we are standing in water how does blood return back to the heart?
water is 23x more dense than air so it squeezes your legs which is important for venous return
where are you baroreceptors located?
aortic arch and the carotid
what is ANP and BNP associated with
sodium handling in the kidney,
when we are reducing BP what does the release of BNP & ANP do
these hormones hit the kidney resulting in less sodium being absorbed and so we excrete more so blood volume reduces
why doe we get arterial stiffness? (2)
- We also get stiffening, because our arteries are getting hammered and we reduce endothelial function and our ability to vasodilate
- we get scarring in the artery wall causing a stiff artery
why is hypertension a strong risk factor for mortality/morbidity? (7)
- atherosclerosis
- aneurysm
- arterial stiffness
- end organ damage
- diastolic dysfunction
- MI
- dementia
How much does PA interventions reduces SBP by?
5-7 mmHg in adults
how much does PA intervention reduce CVD risk by?
20-30%
why does exercise decrease BP?
“resetting” of the baroreceptors
how does exercise improve vascular health? (5)
- increased endothelial function
- decreased arterial stiffness
- increase in arterial diameter
- increase in vascular growth
- improver perfusion
what is the bainbridge reflex?
increase pressure, HR increases to try the blood away and get the pressure back to normal
what does the increase in GFR lead to?
we stop feeling thirsty and get vasodilation and reduction of sympathetic tone
what happens when we have low blood volume?
decrease ein venous return –> stop the firing of hormones
what organ is really sensitive to changes in BP?
the kidneys
how do the kidneys react to a reduction in BP?
they release renin
what does renin do?
overeats angiotensinogen to angiotensinogen 1
what does angiotensin cause?
Vasoconstriction and plays key role in sodium handling
what are 3 pharmacological interventions for controlling blood volume?
- ACE inhibitors
- calcium channel blockers
- beta blockers
what is HR variability?
when you measure the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic
what happens when there an elevation in BP is picked up by baroreceptors?
it is interpreted by the brain stem and we decrease sympathetic activation of the heart thus lower HR
why is hypertension a strong risk factor for mortality/morbidity?
atherosclerosis - narrowing of vessel - arteries bulge - anerym/stork
how does hypertension lead to hypertension of the heart?
increase left ventricular afterload —> trying to force blood into pumps that is recieving resistance —> hypertrophy
How might hypertension lead to dementia?
white matter lesions have a role in development of dementia, hypertension increases chance of white matter lesions
How much do PA interventions typically reduce SBP by?
5-7mmHg
what values of SBP and DBP do you have to received medication before you can exercise?
SBP > 200mmHg
DBP >110 mmHG
why does exercise decrease BP? (3)
- “resetting” of the baroreceptors
- cardiac remodelling
- Fall in TPR
