Diabetes Flashcards
how is glucose translocated into cells?
B-cells release insulin when they detect a rise in blood glucose. Insulin promotes the translocation of GUT-4 to the cell membrane to allow glucose into the cell
what is type 1 diabetes?
you don’t produce enough insulin
what is type 2 diabetes?
insulin is not ‘seen’ by the cell. No GLUT 4 expression, cannot get glucose into the cell
what is HbA1c?
gylcated haemoglobin
what percentage of people have type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
~8% type 1, ~90% type 2
what is ketoacidosis and why does this occur?
increased ketones in the blood. Occurs when you break down fat
what is lipolysis?
the conversion of TAG to FA and glycerol
what is glycogenolysis?
the conversion of glycogen to glucose
what is retinopathy?
the pericytes in the eye are exposed to excessive glucose and they are unable to metabolise it thus the pericyte dies and we get an increase in blood flow and endothelial cell growth
how does retinopathy cause blindness?
the dead pericytes cause holes in the capillaries so we get LDL forming at the back of the eye
what is angiogenesis?
the formation of new blood vessels
what is peripheral neuropathy?
tingling/pain in the extremities
how does hyperglycaemia cause nephropathy?
hyperglycaemia causes vasoconstriction on efferent arteriole and pressure increases in bowlmans capsule
how much does physical activity reduce your chances of T2DM?
26%
