Hypertension

Question 1

Normal blood pressure

Answer 1

Systolic < 120

Diastolic < 80

Question 2

Elevated bp

Answer 2

systolic ( 120 - 129)

diastolic < 80

Question 3

Stage 1 hypertension

Answer 3

130 - 139 / 80 - 89

Question 4

Stage 2 hypertension

Answer 4

> 140 / > 90

Question 5

isolated hypertension

Answer 5

when systolic / diastolic bp don’t rise and fall togather

Question 6

local factors control of BP

Answer 6

1. Vasoconstriction
   endothelial cells release - endothelins, thromboxane, PF
2. Vasodilation
   endothelial cells release
   - NO - dilates blood vessels
   imbalance of endothelial factors may cause smooth muscle to become chronically vasoconstricted

Question 7

Hypertension

Answer 7

damages blood vessels causing aneurysm, myocardial infarc and stroke

Question 8

Primary/ Essential hypertenison

Answer 8

• no symptoms

- high bp of unknown causes

Question 9

Secondary hypertenison

Answer 9

1. underlying cause for hypertension such as Atherosclerosis, vasculitis, aortic dissection
   - reduced renal blood pressue
   - kidney secretes renin -> increases BP

Question 10

Fibromuscular dysplasia

Answer 10

• affects young women
  1. renal arteries thicken and limit blood flow to kidneys
• causes kidneys to secrete more renin etc
  2. tumor secretes aldosterone -> fluid retention and hypertension

Question 11

Hypertensive crisis

Answer 11

• BP gets very high very fast
• > 180 / >120
- Hypertensive urgency - no organ damage has occured
- Hypertensive emergency - damage to organs has occured

Question 12

CNS ischaemic response

Answer 12

1. Severe decrease in blood flow to the brain
2. Cerebral hypoxia - vasomotor centre in the brain strongly stimulated release of sympathetic discharge
   -> vasoconstriction -> inc bp and flow
   • Cushing’s syndrome

Question 13

Alpha receptors

Answer 13

1. Alpha adrenoreceptor
   ALPHA 1
   • vasoconstriction/ relaxation of gi smooth muscle/salivary secretion/hepatic gluconeogenesis
   ALPHA 2
   • inhibits noradrenaline/acetylecholine release
   • vascular smooth muscle contraction

Question 14

Beta receptors

Answer 14

1. Beta 1 receptor
   increase cardiac rate and force
2. Beta 2 receptor
   - vasodilation, relaxation of visceral smooth muscle
3. Beta 3 receptor
   - bladder detrusor muscle contraction / lipolysis