Hypertension Flashcards
- systolic BP of 140mmHg or higher OR diastolic BP of 90mmHg or higher
- based on average of three or more readings taken on separate occasions
hypertension
what serious conditions is HTN a major risk for?
- coronary heart disease
- heart failure
- stroke
- renal failure
what factors affect arterial circulation?
- blood flow
- peripheral vascular resistance
- blood pressure
the highest pressure exerted against the arterial walls at the peak of ventricular contraction
systolic blood pressure
the lowest pressure exerted during ventricular relaxation
diastolic blood pressure
what systolic pressure (and above) is considered hypertensive?
140mmHg
what diastolic pressure (and above) is considered hypertensive?
90mmHg
what factors determine peripheral vascular resistance?
- blood viscosity
- length of the vessel
- diameter of the vessel & distensibility
a hormone system that regulates blood pressure and water (fluid) balance
RAA system (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System)
where are the baroreceptors that stimulate the SNS when there is a drop in MAP located?
- aortic arch
- carotid sinus
what happens when there is a drop in mean arterial pressure?
the baroreceptors in the aortic arch and carotid sinus stimulate the SNS
what is stimulated if there is a drop in renal perfusion?
renin is released (which converts to angiotensin I and then to angiotensin II - which is a potent vasoconstrictor and promotes water and sodium retention) »_space; and ultimately BP goes up
which hormones are released from atrial cells to lower BP?
- atrial natriuretic peptide
- brain natriuretic peptide
what hormone is released from smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells to lower BP by vasodilation?
-adrenomedullin
what two hormones are released from the posterior pituitary gland to promote water retention and vasoconstriction, to raise BP?
- vasopressin
- antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
hardening of the arteries
arterioscerosis
plaque accumulation
atherosclerosis
- sensors located in the blood vessels
- a type of mechanoreceptor sensory neuron that is excited by stretch of the blood vessel
baroreceptors
- persistently elevated systemic BP
- no identifiable cause
- thought to develop from complex interactions among factors that regulate cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance
primary HTN
-elevated BP resulting from an identifiable underlying process
secondary HTN
what are some of the causes of secondary hypertension?
- kidney disease
- coarctation of the aorta
- endocrine disorders
- neurological disorders
- drug use
- pregnancy
- systolic BP is greater than 180mmHg and the diastolic BP measures greater than 120mmHg
- immediate treatment is vital (within 1 hr)
hypertensive emergency (aka malignant hypertension)
what is the time window for treatment for a hypertensive emergency?
1 hour
what are some of the symptoms to look from in a hypertensive pregnant woman if pre-eclampsia is suspected?
- systolic BP 30mmHg above baseline
- diastolic BP 15-20mmHg above baseline
- proteinuria
- edema in upper half of body
